Prevalence and risk factors for cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in Rwanda

Makuza, Jean Damascène; Nsanzimana, Sabin; Muhimpundu, Marie Aimée; Pace, Lydia E.; Ntaganira, Joseph; Riedel, David J.

doi:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.26.7116

Cited by 88 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This was a comparable finding with a study conducted in Rwanda that found multiple sexual partner is a risk factor for cervical cancer (COR = 1.40; 95% CI 0.85–2.30) [17]. This association of cervical cancer with sexual behavior also was shown in a case–control study done in Manchester, England where the number of sexual partners was the risk factor (OR for six or more = 3.89) [18].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The sample size of this unmatched case–control study was calculated by using Stat cal in epi-info 7 by the following assumptions. Level of confidence 95, 80% power, proportion of controls who begun sexual intercourse before the age of 20 year odds ratio of 60% for the development of precancerous lesions of the cervix [17], Odds ratio 3 and case to control ratio 1:2. This gives the total sample size of 164 individuals: 55 cases and 109 controls.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors associated with precancerous cervical lesion among women screened at Marie Stops Ethiopia, Adama town, Ethiopia 2017: a case control study

Kassa

2018

BMC Res Notes

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ObjectiveAlthough cervical cancer is a preventable disease, it remains a leading cause of death among women in developing countries. In this unmatched case control design, 55 cases and 109 controls were included. The main objective of this study was to assess the risk factors of precancerous cervical lesion in Adama town.ResultsA total of 164 participants were recruited in this study. Of the 109 controls, 64 (61%) and 41 (39%) of cases were using oral contraception. Women who were using oral contraception were two times at risk for developing precancerous cervical lesion than who were not using (COR = 2.059 95% CI 1.006, 4.216; AOR = 2.342). Out of 55 cases, 21 (38.2%) cases had a history STI and out of 109 controls, 24 (22.2%) controls had a history of STI. It was revealed that STI has a significant association for developing of precancerous lesion. Women who had a history of STI were two times at risk of developing precancerous cervical lesion than who had no (COR = 2.187; AOR = 2.485). It was found that initiation of sexual intercourse before the age of 15 years has 5.6 risks to develop precancerous cervical lesion (COR = 5.625 AOR = 6.703).Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3244-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors associated with precancerous cervical lesion among women screened at Marie Stops Ethiopia, Adama town, Ethiopia 2017: a case control study

Kassa

2018

BMC Res Notes

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“…This is in contrast with developed regions such as Europe were much lower incidence rates (11.9 per 100,000) have been reported [27]. This difference with the developed world may be as a result of differences in the prevalence of risk factors for cervical cancer such as early age at first intercourse [28], total number of lifetime sexual partners, sexual practices [29], and early age at first pregnancy [28]. The widespread availability of population based screening programs for cervical cancer in developed countries has also contributed to reduced incidence while HIV infection in Africa is contributing to increased incidence [30,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of HPV associated cancers in two regions in Nigeria 2012–2014

Jedy‐Agba

Dareng

Adebamowo

et al. 2016

Cancer Epidemiology

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Introduction HPV attributable cancers are the second most common infection-related cancers worldwide, with much higher burden in less developed regions. There are currently no country-specific estimates of the burden of these cancers in Nigeria just like many other low and middle income countries. Methods In this study, we quantified the proportion of the cancer burden in Nigeria that is attributable to HPV infection from 2012 to 2014 using HPV prevalence estimated from previous studies and data from two population based cancer registries (PBCR) in Nigeria. We considered cancer sites for which there is strong evidence of an association with HPV infection based on the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification. We obtained age and sex-specific estimates of incident cancers and using the World Standard Population, we derived age standardized incidence (ASR) rates for each cancer type by categories of sex, and estimated the population attributable fractions (PAF). Results The two PBCR reported 4336 new cancer cases from 2012 to 2014. Of these, 1627 (37.5%) were in males and 2709 (62.5%) in females. Some 11% (488/4336) of these cancers were HPV associated; 2% (38/1627) in men and 17% (450/2709) in women. Of the HPV associated cancers, 7.8% occurred in men and 92.2% in women. The ASRs for HPV associated cancers was 33.5 per 100,000; 2.3 and 31.2 per 100,000 in men and women respectively. The proportion of all cancers attributable to HPV infection ranged from 10.2 to 10.4% (442–453 of 4336) while the proportion of HPV associated cancers attributable to HPV infection ranged from 90.6% to 92.8% (442–453 of the 488 cases). In men, 55.3% to 68.4% of HPV associated cancers were attributable to HPV infection compared to 93.6% to 94.8% in women. The combined ASR for HPV attributable cancers ranged from 31.0 to 31.7 per 100,000. This was 1.4 to 1.7 per 100,000 in men and 29.6 to 30.0 per 100,000 in women. In women, cervical cancer (n = 392, ASR 28.3 per 100,000) was the commonest HPV attributable cancer, while anal cancer (n = 21, ASR 1.2 per 100,000) was the commonest in men. Conclusions HPV attributable cancers constitute a substantial cancer burden in Nigerian women, much less so in men. A significant proportion of cancers in Nigerian women would be prevented if strategies such as HPV DNA based screening and HPV vaccination are implemented.

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“…4 In another study done by Makuza et al on prevalence and risk factors of cervical cancer and precancerous lesion in Rwanda, the mean age was 37.0 years. 5 The high incidence of screening at 30-40 years of age may be due to knowledge regarding screening opportunities for carcinoma cervix at this age. In our study, parity 3 women 42.8% (n=195) were screened more than other parity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Cancer screening in a tertiary care centre by Pap smear and its clinical correlation

Sharma

Adhikari²,

Parajuly³

et al. 2019

Med. J. Pokhara Acad. Health Sci.

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Introduction:Cervical cancer is one of the common cancers in women and is a major public health problem all over the world. It has significant contribution to high mortality and morbidity. Preinvasive lesions spontaneously regress to normal, remain stable for a long time or progress to higher degree of dysplasia followed by carcinoma cervix. Materials And Method This was a hospital based retrospective study where 456 patients' records were reviewed. Pap smear was used as the screening tool for the detection of precancerous lesion among the women visiting Western Regional Hospital (WRH), Department of obstetrics and gynecology. Results: Among 456 patients screened, most of them were in the age group of 30-39 years (42.8%) and were of parity 3 (42.8%). Most of them had no risk factors for carcinoma cervix (54.4%). Early marriage accounted for the highest risk of developing precancerous lesion (32.7%). There were no carcinoma detected by Pap smear. The test was negative in 68.9%, Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (LSIL) was detected in 5.9% and 2.9% had High-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL). Pap smear was sent for screening purpose in asymptomatic women (37.1%) and among the symptomatic patients vaginal discharge was the most common indication of pap test (34.6%). Conclusion: A Pap smear is reliable, simple, non-invasive, cost effective, and easy screening tool for detection of precancerous lesions in a woman.

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Prevalence and risk factors for cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions in Rwanda

Cited by 88 publications

References 15 publications

Risk factors associated with precancerous cervical lesion among women screened at Marie Stops Ethiopia, Adama town, Ethiopia 2017: a case control study

Risk factors associated with precancerous cervical lesion among women screened at Marie Stops Ethiopia, Adama town, Ethiopia 2017: a case control study

The burden of HPV associated cancers in two regions in Nigeria 2012–2014

Cervical Cancer screening in a tertiary care centre by Pap smear and its clinical correlation

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