Prevalence and Predictors of Stress, anxiety, and Depression among Healthcare Workers Managing COVID-19 Pandemic in India: A Nationwide Observational Study

Abstract

<jats:p> Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused great financial and psychological havoc. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) are among the many groups of people who are in the frontline and facing a risk of direct exposure to the virus. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of stress, depressive, and anxiety symptoms among HCPs of India. </jats:p><jats:p> Methods: It was a cross-sectional, online survey conducted in April 2020 among HCPs who are directly involved in the triage, screening, diagnosing, and treatment of COVID-19 patients and suspects. Stress was estimated using Cohen’s perceived stress scale. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the tools Public Health Questionnaire—9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder—7. Predictors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression. </jats:p><jats:p> Results: A total of 433 online responses were obtained, and N = 350 were finally included. The prevalence (95% CI) of HCPs with high-level stress was 3.7% (2.2, 6.2), while the prevalence rates of HCPs with depressive symptoms requiring treatment and anxiety symptoms requiring further evaluation were 11.4% (8.3, 15.2) and 17.7% (13.9, 22.1), respectively. Women had approximately two times the increased odds of developing moderate- or high-level stress, depressive symptoms requiring treatment, and anxiety symptoms requiring further evaluation. Similarly, women staying in a hostel/temporary accommodation had two times the increased odds of developing depression or anxiety symptoms. </jats:p><jats:p> Conclusion: The prevalence of stress, depressive, and anxiety symptoms among HCPs in India during the pandemic is comparable with other countries. </jats:p>

A Questionnaire Study Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Anxiety and Burnout Levels in Emergency Healthcare Workers

“…This rate found to be low compared to our research. These results of the BAI and MBI scores in our study are compatible with low levels of anxiety and burnout in HCWs, and lower than some studies in the literature (7,(19)(20)(21)(22) and, are similar to some studies (14,17,18). In our study, working in ES was found to be a factor increasing MBI-EE and DP scores, while decreasing MBI-PA scores.…”

“…In the literature, anxiety and burnout levels were generally reported higher in women HCWs, and the findings were consistent with the literature (24,25). Another study reported that women HCWs had approximately two times the increased odds of developing moderate or high-level stress, depressive symptoms requiring treatment, and anxiety symptoms requiring further evaluation (22). In a systematic review and meta-analysis reported that in different studies showed that the revealed gender and occupational differences with female HCPs and nurses exhibiting higher rates of affective symptoms compared to male and medical staff respectively (14).…”

Prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression in frontline healthcare workers treating people with COVID-19 in Bangladesh

“…Another study of anxiety and depression among first-line medical staff in China showed the prevalence estimates of anxiety and depression were 45.6%, and 11.4%, respectively [34]. A study in India of HCWs suggested the prevalence of anxiety symptoms (17.7%) requiring additional evaluation and depressive symptoms (11.4%) needing treatment [35] are lower than those in the present study. Moreover, a recent meta-analysis of studies reported the pooled prevalence of anxiety and depression among HCWs during COVID-19 to be 23.2% and 22.8%, respectively, and these values are lower than those in the present study [36].…”

Mental health status of health-care professionals working in quarantine and non-quarantine Egyptian hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic

“…The novel SARS-CoV-2, known to cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19), emerged in Wuhan, China, and spread rapidly to every continent (1,2). SARS-CoV-2 is very contagious and has an efficient person-to-person transmission, which could be more evident in health-care settings (2).…”