Prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety in patients of diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care center

Abstract

Background:Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases and affects virtually every organ of the human system. Depression and anxiety is common among patients with diabetes and associated with worse diabetes outcomes.Aims and Objective:To study the prevalence and predictors of depression and anxiety in patients of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Pt. B.D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India, a tertiary care center in Northern India.Materials and Methods:Four hundred ten consecutive patients having T2DM and 410 healthy controls matched for age and sex attending the endocrine out-patient department of a tertiary care center of Northern India were included in the study. Sociodemographic and relevant clinical variables were collected. They were evaluated for depression and anxiety using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale respectively.Results:It was found that a significantly larger proportion of diabetic patients had depression (26.3% vs. 11.2%, P = 0.001), anxiety (27.6% vs. 12.7%, P = 0.001) and comorbid depression and anxiety (21.0% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.001) as compared to healthy controls. Diabetic women had higher depression (17.1% vs. 9.3%) and anxiety (17.6% vs. 10.0%) than men. The major predictors for a severe form of depression and anxiety among T2DM cases were age, female sex, insulin therapy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and ischemic heart disease.Conclusion:The present findings reveal that diabetic cases had significantly higher depression and anxiety as compared to healthy controls. The risk factors for depression and anxiety were age, female sex, insulin therapy, and diabetic complications.

A Study of Prevalence of Depression in Type 2 Diabetic Patients in a Tertiary Care Centre

“…9 A study by Rajesh Rajput et al showed that depression and anxiety symptoms were two-fold higher in diabetic patients as compared to healthy controls. 10 In a population-based study in Chennai, it was found that the prevalence of depression was 23.4%. 11 Raval et al found a very high prevalence (41%) of depression in 300 patients with type 2 diabetes in a tertiary care hospital in Northern India.…”

Sintomatologia depresiva y control metabólico en pacientes ambulatorios portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 2

“…En el presente estudio, se comprobó que los portadores de DM 2 con sintomatología depresiva demuestran una menor adherencia farmacológica y un mayor nivel de descompensación metabólica, hallazgos consistentes con la literatura internacional [8][9][10]12,17,18,21,22,[25][26][27][28] pero que han sido estudiados escasamente a nivel nacional, pese a su relevancia como problemáticas de salud pública. De esta manera, puede abrirse camino a futuras investigaciones que contemplen otros pilares terapéuticos en DM 2 y depresión, con diseños metodológicos que permitan controlar los factores de confusión, y, posiblemente, demostrar relaciones de causalidad.…”

“…Así, existe evidencia contundente acerca de una prevalencia más alta de síntomas depresivos y trastorno depresivo mayor en los pacientes con DM 2 . No obstante, estas cifras varían según etnia [13][14][15] , rango etario 16,17 , lugar de residencia y nivel socioeconómico 18 .…”

Meta-analysis of the relationship between depression and diabetic retinopathy

“…Among the 268 literatures retrieved, a total of 20 independent studies as well as a total of 19 had been incorporated in line with the inclusion and exclusion criteria of literature by use of the blind method [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. These included 3 articles about type I diabetes, 12 about type II diabetes, 5 about types I and II; and 1 article studied the types I and II diabetes independently (Figure 1).…”