Prevalence and Determinants of Depression among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia

Al-Atawi, Faisal Najem; Al-Atawi, Mashael Abdullah; Al-Shehri, Ashwag Ahmed; Al-amri, Saif Mohammed; Al-anazi, Nawal Khalaf; Alqahtani, Majed S.

doi:10.21276/ijmrp.2016.2.6.009

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…The prevalence of depression estimated in our study conforms with a study conducted in Tabuk city (78%) including 221 patients with type 2 diabetes [ 17 ]. Another study included 450 patients with type 2 diabetes attending primary healthcare centers, and the prevalence of depression was found to be 33.8% using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence of Depression Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at King Abdullah Medical City

Aljohani¹,

Algohani²,

Alzahrani³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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IntroductionDiabetes is one of the most common endocrine diseases worldwide. Type 2 diabetes and depression are commonly comorbid, high-prevalence, chronic disorders. Individuals with diabetes mellitus may have concurrent mental health disorders and are shown to have poorer disease outcomes. However, the evidence for clinical correlation is still unclear. ObjectivesTo find the prevalence of depression among patients with type 2 diabetes at King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC). Materials and methodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted at KAMC in Makkah, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Study participants were 267 people with type 2 diabetes (aged between 18-70 years). Those who had preexisting depression or drank alcohol, pregnant women, and postpartum women were excluded from the study. Participants' clinical and demographic data and depression assessment were obtained on phone through an interview and using the Arabic version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test results of participants were collected electronically. ResultsThe participants' mean age was 57.88 ± 8.71 years, and 64.4% were males. Only 15.4% were current smokers and 16.9% were ex-smokers. The most common medical condition was hypertension (65.2%) and the majority (92.1%) had uncontrolled HbA1c with a mean value of 8.37 ± 1.92. Among the studied patients, 73% suffered from different degrees of depression; 36%, 19.9%, 8.6%, 5.2%, and 3.4% of the participants were suffering from minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Only neuropathy was a significant risk factor of depression (odds ratio=2.87, 95% confidence interval=1.18-6.97, p=0.02). ConclusionDepressive symptoms are common in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes who also suffer from neuropathy and retinopathy. Hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and unhealthy diet had a significant correlation with depression.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Prevalence of Depression Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at King Abdullah Medical City

Aljohani¹,

Algohani²,

Alzahrani³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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show abstract

“…The variability in the prevalence of the three disorders may be attributed to sociodemographic factors (gender, age, level of education, socioeconomic status, complications, comorbidities, among others) depending on the context of each country. [ 26 ] However, we need more studies focused on the impact of sociodemographic characteristics to confirm this relationship. Some studies showed that female gender constituted a major risk factor for depression, anxiety and stress with a percentage of approximately 50%–60% in comparison with our study, in which we found a greater predominance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and risk factors of depression, anxiety, and stress in an Ecuadorian outpatient population with type II diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study (STROBE)

Cárdenas

Cabezas

Muñoz³

et al. 2022

Medicine

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Type II diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a worldwide disease with an important economic and health impact. Currently, depression, anxiety and stress are common disorders among diabetic populations but their respective prevalence may well be underestimated. So far, Latin American countries have only reported limited information about the impact of mental diseases on DM2 outpatients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress among ambulatory DM2 populations from two third-level hospitals in Quito, Ecuador. A cross-sectional study based on a random sample was carried out in two hospitals. Patients were evaluated by the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). In addition, a validated survey was used to grade socioeconomic, demographic, clinical, and comorbidity variables. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS (version 22.0). STROBE guidelines were used for reporting this trial. A total of 208 adult patients with DM2 were included (women 58%; men 42%). The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 31.7% (95% CI, 25.5–38.5%), 33.7% (95% CI, 27.3–40.5%), and 25.0% (95% CI, 19.3–31.5%), respectively. Male gender was associated with a decreased risk for depression (OR 0.39 [95% CI, 0.18-0.81]; P = .01), anxiety (OR 0.31 [95% CI, 0.16–0.65]; P = .002), and stress (OR 0.35 [95% CI, 0.15–0.77]; P = .009). A higher level of education was associated with low risk for depression (OR 0.23 [95% CI, 0.11–0.46]; P < .001), anxiety (OR 0.47 [95% CI, 0.25–0.90]; P = .02), and stress (OR 0.24 [95% CI, 0.12–0.49]; P = .001). In contrast, patients with DM2 complications were more likely to have depression (OR 2.96 [95% CI, 1.32–6.63]; P = .008) and anxiety (OR 2.56 [95% CI, 1.20–5.48]; P = .01). Finally, an income higher than the basic salary reduced the risk of depression alone (OR 0.39 [95% CI, 0.16–0.91]; P = .03). In conclusion, a high prevalence rate of depression, anxiety, and stress was found in the DM2 outpatient population. Thus, more tailored care surveillance for DM2 patients is needed considering the bio-psycho-social environment to provide an integral health management.

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Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among patients with type II diabetes attending primary healthcare centers in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

Alzahrani

Alghamdi

Alqarni

et al. 2019

Int J Ment Health Syst

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Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent health problem, not only globally, but also in Saudi Arabia. A growing body of literature suggests a bi-directional association between T2DM and various mental health disorders. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress among T2DM patients in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Methods Between May and August 2018, a cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients with T2DM in five public primary care centers in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Sociodemographic characteristics and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress were measured using the self-administered, previously validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire. Simple descriptive statistics were used. Forward binary logistic regression was used to identify predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress. Results A total of 450 adults with T2DM were included (56.9% men; 43.1% women). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress was 33.8%, 38.3%, and 25.5%, respectively. Major predictors of psychological distress were age, sex, the presence of comorbidities, duration since T2DM diagnosis, and serum level of hemoglobin A1c. Compliance with diabetes management measures and older age were the only protective factors. Conclusion Patients with T2DM had significantly high rates of depression, anxiety, and stress. We recommend periodic screening of patients with T2DM for psychological distress using easy and inexpensive validated screening tools like the DASS-21 questionnaire. Further larger-scale studies are needed to investigate the causes and outcomes of these higher rates of psychological distress among Saudi patients with diabetes.

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Prevalence and Determinants of Depression among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Prevalence of Depression Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at King Abdullah Medical City

Prevalence of Depression Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at King Abdullah Medical City

Prevalence and risk factors of depression, anxiety, and stress in an Ecuadorian outpatient population with type II diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study (STROBE)

Prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among patients with type II diabetes attending primary healthcare centers in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

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