Prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis C among Injection Drug Users: The Significance of Duration of Use, Incarceration, and Race/Ethnicity

Latimer, William W.; Hedden, Sarra L.; Moleko, Anne Gloria; Floyd, Leah J.; Lawson, April; Мельников, А. Н.; Severtson, Stevan G.; Cole, Kristin

doi:10.1177/002204260903900406

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Greater frequency of IDU and higher HCV prevalence is associated with lower income [33, 36, 37, 39], lower education attainment [25, 33–37, 39–42], reduced employment [33, 34, 42–44] and homelessness [45–53]. Conversely, higher education level and higher paid occupation are both associated with increased knowledge of HCV [54] and decreased HCV prevalence [25]. Furthermore, people living with HCV commonly perceive and report discrimination [55–60], with those from disadvantaged and marginalised backgrounds less likely to access treatments compared to the overall population [38, 61, 62].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The distribution and socioeconomic burden of Hepatitis C virus in South Australia: a cross-sectional study 2010–2016

Edmunds,

Miller,

Tsourtos

2019

BMC Public Health

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Background Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is a communicable disease of increasing global importance with 1.75 million new infections and 400,000 related deaths annually. Until recently, treatment options have had low uptake and most infected people remain untreated. New Direct Acting Antiviral medications can clear the virus in around 95% of cases, with few side-effects. These medications are restricted in most countries but freely accessible in Australia, yet most people still remain untreated. This study applies a cross-sectional research design to investigate the socio-spatial distribution of HCV in South Australia, to identify vulnerable populations, and examine epidemiological factors to potentially inform future targeted strategies for improved treatment uptake. Method HCV surveillance data were sourced from South Australia’s Communicable Diseases Control Branch and socio-economic population data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics from January 2010 to December 2016 inclusive. HCV cases were spatially mapped at postcode level. Multivariate logistic regression identified independent predictors of demographic risks for HCV notification and notification source. Results HCV notifications ( n = 3356) were seven times more likely to be from people residing in the poorest areas with high rates of non-employment (75%; n = 1876) and injecting drug use (74%; n = 1862) reported. Notifications among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were around six times that of non-Indigenous people. HCV notifications negatively correlated (Spearman’s rho − 0.426; p < 0.001) with socio-economic status (residential postcode socio-economic resources Index). History of imprisonment independently predicted HCV diagnoses in lesser economically-resourced areas (RR1.5; p < 0.001). Independent predictors of diagnosis elsewhere than in general practices were non-employment (RR 4.6; p = 0.028), being male (RR 2.5; p < 0.001), and younger than mean age at diagnosis (RR 2.1; p = 0.006). Conclusions Most people diagnosed with HCV were from marginalised sub-populations. Given general practitioners are pivotal to providing effective HCV treatment for many people in Australia a most concerning finding was that non-employed people were statistically less likely to be diagnosed by general practitioners. These findings highlight a need for further action aimed at improving healthcare access and treatment uptake to help reduce the burden of HCV for marginalised people, and progress the vision of eliminating HCV as a major public health threat.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The distribution and socioeconomic burden of Hepatitis C virus in South Australia: a cross-sectional study 2010–2016

Edmunds,

Miller,

Tsourtos

2019

BMC Public Health

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“…17,18 Unexpectedly, African American race was independently associated with the presence of mild liver disease and hepatitis C infection which contradicts with what has been previously described in the general population. 19,20 Several studies have reported a higher prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and mental health problems in HIV-infected patients compared to those uninfected. [21][22][23][24] Depression was particularly frequent in our study population with over a third having this diagnosis documented.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Race Effects on Risk for Selected Outcomes among Elderly HIV-Infected Patients

Frontini

Chotalia

Spizale

et al. 2011

Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS

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The HIV-infected population in the United States is aging. A retrospective study of 132 patients (26 women, 106 men) ≥59 years of age was undertaken to evaluate the effect of race and sex on selected outcomes. With the exception of women being more likely to have diagnosis of depression compared with men, sex had little influence on risk for other conditions among elderly patients with HIV. In contrast, African American race was significantly associated with the risk for several selected disorders and outcomes. These results can assist in future prevention efforts among senior individuals with HIV infection.

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“…In fact, a fourth comorbidity exists in relation to this patient group. Hepatitis C infection is prevalent among injection drug users and pegylated-interferon/ribavirin treatment is associated with the emergence of neuropsychiatric side effects, including depression (50,51). Thus, the contribution of drug and alcohol dependence to psychiatric illness in our patients cannot be underestimated.…”

Section: Addressing the Triple Comorbidity: Hiv Substance Abuse And Mental Illnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognizing Cognitive and Psychiatric Changes in the Post‐Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era

Carvalhal

Baril

Crouzat

et al. 2012

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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Amid numerous complications that plague the health and quality of life of people living with HIV, neurocognitive and psychiatric illnesses pose unique challenges. While there remains uncertainty with respect to the pathophysiology surrounding these disorders, their adverse implications are increasingly recognized. Left undetected, they have the potential to significantly impact patient well being, adherence to antiretroviral treatment and overall health outcomes. As such, early identification of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and psychiatric illnesses will be paramount in the proactive management of affected patients. The present review focuses on strategies to ensure optimal screening and detection of HAND, depression and substance abuse in routine practice. For each topic, currently available screening methods are discussed. These include identification of risk factors, recognition of relevant symptomatology and an update on validated screening tools that can be efficiently implemented in the clinical setting. Specifically addressed in the present review are the International HIV Dementia Scale, a novel screening equation and algorithm for HAND, as well as brief, validated, verbal questionnaires for detection of depression and substance abuse. Adequate understanding and usage of these screening mechanisms can ensure effective use of resources by distinguishing patients who require referral for more extensive diagnostic procedures from those who likely do not.

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Prevalence and Correlates of Hepatitis C among Injection Drug Users: The Significance of Duration of Use, Incarceration, and Race/Ethnicity

Cited by 18 publications

References 21 publications

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The distribution and socioeconomic burden of Hepatitis C virus in South Australia: a cross-sectional study 2010–2016

RETRACTED ARTICLE: The distribution and socioeconomic burden of Hepatitis C virus in South Australia: a cross-sectional study 2010–2016

Sex and Race Effects on Risk for Selected Outcomes among Elderly HIV-Infected Patients

Recognizing Cognitive and Psychiatric Changes in the Post‐Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era

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