Prevalence and Concentration of Mycotoxins in Animal Feed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

This study seeks a comprehensive meta-analysis of mycotoxin contaminants in animal feed consumed in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The obtained articles were reviewed, and 49 articles that investigated the contamination of mycotoxins including aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), T-2 toxin, fumonisins (FUM), and ochratoxin A (OTA), in feed samples or components of animal feed in the MENA region were selected. The titles of the final articles included in the study were meta-analyzed. Necessary information was extracted and categorized from the articles, and a meta-analysis was performed using Stata software. The highest contamination was in dry bread (80%), and Algeria was the most contaminated country (87% of animal feed), with the most mycotoxins contaminating AFs (47%) and FUM (47%). The highest concentration of mycotoxins in animal feed is related to FUM (1240.01 μg/kg). Climate change, economic situation, agricultural and processing methods, the nature of the animal feed, and improper use of food waste in animal feed are among the most critical factors that are effective in the occurrence of mycotoxin contamination in animal feed in MENA. Control of influential factors in the occurrence of contaminations and rapid screening with accurate identification methods to prevent the occurrence and spread of mycotoxin contamination of animal feed seem important.

Assessment of total aflatoxin and ochratoxin A in poultry feed ingredients by thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

“…Mycotoxins are posing a serious threat to livestock and consumers due to their toxicity and synergistic characteristics [ 4 ]. Animals ingesting contaminated feeds with a high concentration of mycotoxins showed various effects on their bodies, such as reduced production and suppression of the immune system [ 5 ]. Many outbreaks of mycotoxicosis diseases have been reported in humans and animals due to the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed [ 6 ].…”

Prenatal Fumonisin Exposure Impairs Bone Development via Disturbances in the OC/Leptin and RANKL/RANK/OPG Systems in Weaned Rat Offspring

“…Moldy food, contaminated with FBs (maize, dried figs, grapes, raisins, wine, coffee and some plants), has been found in China, South America, Africa and Europe [14,22,[26][27][28][29][30][31]. Worldwide, human FBs exposure, through moldy maize or animals products, accounts even 354.0 µg/kg body weight per day [32][33][34]. FBs cross the placental barrier and exert many negative effects on fetus development depending on the FBs dose, duration of exposure and time of the exposure [35][36][37].…”

Practical Application of a Urinary Zearalenone Monitoring System for Feed Hygiene Management of a Japanese Black Cattle Breeding Herd—Relevance to Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Serum Amyloid A Clarified from a Two-Year Survey

“…Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin from Fusarium species that can disrupt cattle reproductive physiology, is one of the most commonly identified mycotoxins in grains and animal feed [ 1 , 2 ]. Several studies reported mycotoxin contamination in feed by detecting the presence of ZEN [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Despite efforts to minimize mycotoxin concentrations in animal feeds, the prevalence of Fusarium -derived mycotoxins is increasing worldwide.…”