Prevalence and clinical impact of recreational drug consumption in people living with HIV on treatment: a cross-sectional study

Garin, Noé; Zurita, Beatriz; Velasco, César; Feliu, Anna; Gutiérrez, Mar; Masip, Montserrat; Mangues, M. A.

doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014105

Cited by 34 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Illicit drug users in our study population were significantly younger and more often male. Older age and female gender were also found to be associated with less risk of drug use, whereby female participants were four times less likely to report illicit drug use, which was confirmed in similar studies 19 , 27 (Table 3 ). One reason might be the overall lower prevalence of substance use in women, which may be linked to various cultural circumstances 9 , 30 – 32 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

“…We also observed an effect of not knowing the exact mode of HIV transmission. Differences in HIV transmission mode concerning illicit drug use have been seen in other studies 27 ; however, there is no clear reasoning of this result in literature. One reason might be giving more socially desirable answers or lower educational level found in this group, which was reported to be associated with overall lower drug use 35 , 36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…For instance Peretti-Watel et al . on a large sample of PLWHIV in France report prevalence of 28.6% over the last 12 months, while a recently published study on a Spanish PLWHIV population reports a prevalence level of 44.2% over the last 12 months 27 , 28 . High prevalence was also reported among AIDS patients 29 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Prevalence and Associations of Illicit Drug and Polydrug Use in People Living with HIV in Vienna

Grabovac

Meilinger

Schalk³

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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We aimed to determine the prevalence of drug and polydrug use in people living with HIV in Austria for the first time for which a two center cross-sectional study was performed. Participants were recruited from consecutive patients during their regularly scheduled visits. In total 438 participants were included in the analysis. For this study we used paper-pencil and online-based questionnaires. The prevalence of illicit drug use was 60.5%; with cannabis use at 31.5%, nitrates at 31.5%, sildenafil/tadalafil at 24% and cocaine at 14%, being the most used substances. Use of more than one substance (polydrug) in drug users was 69.4% or 42.0% in the total study population. Younger age, male gender, and living in an urban area were associated with drug use. Moreover, drug use during clubbing and sex, HIV therapy non-adherence and younger age were associated with polydrug use. Drug users reported condomless sex in 42.4% and performing sexual acts they would not do sober in 44.1%. Results indicate a high prevalence of illicit drug use in PLWHIV in Austria. New research focusing on illicit drug use in PLWHIV should focus on the use of substances during sex and surrounding practices.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

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Prevalence and Associations of Illicit Drug and Polydrug Use in People Living with HIV in Vienna

Grabovac

Meilinger

Schalk³

et al. 2018

Sci Rep

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“…Severity of depressive symptoms was evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [27]. Scores range from 0 (no depression) to 27 (severe depression); participants were categorized as having no (≤ 4), mild (5-9), moderate (10)(11)(12)(13)(14) and severe (≥ 15) depressive symptoms using standard cut-offs [27] with the two categories 'moderately severe' and 'severe' grouped into a single category (i.e. 'severe') because of the small number of participants falling in each of these two categories.…”

Section: Lifestyle and Depressive Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depression, lifestyle factors and cognitive function in people living with HIV and comparable HIV‐negative controls

et al. 2019

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Objectives We investigated whether differences in cognitive performance between people living with HIV ( PLWH ) and comparable HIV ‐negative people were mediated or moderated by depressive symptoms and lifestyle factors. Methods A cross‐sectional study of 637 ‘older’ PLWH aged ≥ 50 years, 340 ‘younger’ PLWH aged < 50 years and 276 demographically matched HIV ‐negative controls aged ≥ 50 years enrolled in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People over Fifty ( POPPY ) study was performed. Cognitive function was assessed using a computerized battery (CogState). Scores were standardized into Z ‐scores [mean = 0; standard deviation ( SD ) = 1] and averaged to obtain a global Z ‐score. Depressive symptoms were evaluated via the Patient Health Questionnaire ( PHQ ‐9). Differences between the three groups and the effects of depression, sociodemographic factors and lifestyle factors on cognitive performance were evaluated using median regression. All analyses accounted for age, gender, ethnicity and level of education. Results After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, older and younger PLWH had poorer overall cognitive scores than older HIV ‐negative controls ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). Moderate or severe depressive symptoms were more prevalent in both older (27%; P < 0.001) and younger (21%; P < 0.001) PLWH compared with controls (8%). Depressive symptoms ( P < 0.001) and use of hashish ( P = 0.01) were associated with lower cognitive function; alcohol consumption ( P = 0.02) was associated with better cognitive scores. After further adjustment for these factors, the difference between older PLWH and HIV ‐negative controls was no longer significant ( P = 0.08), while that between younger PLWH and older HIV ‐negative controls remained significant ( P = 0.01). Conclusions Poorer cognitive performances in PLWH compared with HIV ‐negative individuals were, in part, mediated by the greater prevalence of depressive symptoms and recreational drug use reported by PLWH .

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“…Active illicit drug use is highly prevalent among PLWHA and has been associated with decreased access to HIV treatment and increased mortality 12 . Methamphetamine is one of the major illicit drugs used in PLWHA, particularly among MSM 13,14 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Methamphetamine Use Associated with Non-adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in Men Who Have Sex with Men

Lai

Kuo

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Methamphetamine is a prevalent recreational drug among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV and could cause the cognitive impairment and memory loss. However, studies on the association between methamphetamine use and adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) are limited and had inconsistent findings. This study aimed to determine the impact of methamphetamine use on adherence to ART among MSM living with HIV. From December 2018 to October 2019, MSM living with HIV were recruited (N = 351) and non-adherence to ART was defined as a Medication Adherence Report Scale score of <23. Overall, 16.0% of the participants reported methamphetamine use in the prior three months and 13.4% of the participants had non-adherence to ART. The proportion of non-adherence to ART among HIV-positive MSM were 28.6% and 10.5% with and without methamphetamine use, respectively. After controlling for demographics, illicit drug use, and comorbidities, methamphetamine use during the prior three months was associated with a higher risk of non-adherence to ART (adjusted odds ratio = 3.08; 95% confidence intervals: 1.24-7.69). Compared with HIV-positive MSM with non-adherence to ART, HIV-positive MSM with good adherence to ART had a higher CD4 counts and were more likely to achieve an undetectable viral load. Since poor adherence to ART is associated with an increased HIV viral load and the risk of HIV transmission to others, our study suggests that it is imperative to screen HIV-positive patients for methamphetamine use and to provide effective therapy to reduce methamphetamine use and the associated non-adherence to ART.As of 2018, there are 37.9 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) worldwide 1 . The widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly decreased the risk of opportunistic infections and mortality among PLWHA 2,3 . Although ART could markedly improve the survival in PLWHA, treatment compliance to ART plays

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Prevalence and clinical impact of recreational drug consumption in people living with HIV on treatment: a cross-sectional study

Cited by 34 publications

References 25 publications

Prevalence and Associations of Illicit Drug and Polydrug Use in People Living with HIV in Vienna

Prevalence and Associations of Illicit Drug and Polydrug Use in People Living with HIV in Vienna

Depression, lifestyle factors and cognitive function in people living with HIV and comparable HIV‐negative controls

Methamphetamine Use Associated with Non-adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment in Men Who Have Sex with Men

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