Prevalence and associated factors of asymptomatic leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mannan, Shahnewaj B.; Elhadad, Heba; Loc, Tran Thai Huu; Sadik, Mohamed; Mohamed, Muawia Yousif Fadlelmola; Nam, Nguyen Hai; Thuong, Nguyen Dinh; Hoang-Trong, Bao-Long; Duc, Nguyen Tran Minh; Hoang, An Nguyen; Elhusseiny, Khaled Mosaad; Minh, Le Huu Nhat; Quynh, Tran Thuy Huong; Nghia, Thai Le Ba; Nhu, Y. Mai; Tieu, Thuan Minh; Hirayama, Kenji; Huy, Nguyen Tien; Hamano, Shinjiro

doi:10.1016/j.parint.2020.102229

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Our subgroup analysis showed consistency results among all groups through comorbidities, symptoms, laboratory findings, vital signs, and complications by removing ‘adult and children’ studies which are Jiuling/2020/China, 29 Tang/2020/China, 24 Yu‐Huan Xu/2020/China, 21 Qian/2020/China, 30 Wu/2020/China, 31 Zhang/2020/China, 32 Hu/2020/China, 33 Liu/2020/China 34 and Tian/2020/China 35 . Details were visualised in Table .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Clinical and laboratory factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Minh

Abozaid

et al. 2021

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Summary SARS Coronavirus‐2 is one of the most widespread viruses globally during the 21st century, whose severity and ability to cause severe pneumonia and death vary. We performed a comprehensive systematic review of all studies that met our standardised criteria and then extracted data on the age, symptoms, and different treatments of Covid‐19 patients and the prognosis of this disease during follow‐up. Cases in this study were divided according to severity and death status and meta‐analysed separately using raw mean and single proportion methods. We included 171 complete studies including 62,909 confirmed cases of Covid‐19, of which 148 studies were meta‐analysed. Symptoms clearly emerged in an escalating manner from mild‐moderate symptoms, pneumonia, severe‐critical to the group of non‐survivors. Hypertension (Pooled proportion (PP): 0.48 [95% Confident interval (CI): 0.35–0.61]), diabetes (PP: 0.23 [95% CI: 0.16–0.33]) and smoking (PP: 0.12 [95% CI: 0.03–0.38]) were highest regarding pre‐infection comorbidities in the non‐survivor group. While acute respiratory distress syndrome (PP: 0.49 [95% CI: 0.29–0.78]), (PP: 0.63 [95% CI: 0.34–0.97]) remained one of the most common complications in the severe and death group respectively. Bilateral ground‐glass opacification (PP: 0.68 [95% CI: 0.59–0.75]) was the most visible radiological image. The mortality rates estimated (PP: 0.11 [95% CI: 0.06–0.19]), (PP: 0.03 [95% CI: 0.01–0.05]), and (PP: 0.01 [95% CI: 0–0.3]) in severe‐critical, pneumonia and mild‐moderate groups respectively. This study can serve as a high evidence guideline for different clinical presentations of Covid‐19, graded from mild to severe, and for special forms like pneumonia and death groups.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Clinical and laboratory factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Minh

Abozaid

et al. 2021

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…According to a meta-analysis of original articles reporting asymptomatic leishmaniasis, the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis was 11.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6%-14.4%] in general population, 36.7% [95% CI 27.6%-46.8%] in inhabitants living in the same or neighboring household to the symptomatic patients, and 11.8% [95% CI 7.1-19%] in HIV infected patient. Meta-regression analysis also showed no significant change in the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis during the last 40 years [17]. From 1982 to 2015, the trend of total leishmaniasis' asymptomatic proportion did not change considerably, according to the meta-regression study [coefficient = 0.0350 (95% CI, −0.0213 to 0.0913), P = 0.2233] [17].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Meta-regression analysis also showed no significant change in the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis during the last 40 years [17]. From 1982 to 2015, the trend of total leishmaniasis' asymptomatic proportion did not change considerably, according to the meta-regression study [coefficient = 0.0350 (95% CI, −0.0213 to 0.0913), P = 0.2233] [17]. But, while the disease's geographical range is broad, it is not continuous.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 89%

Visceral Leishmaniasis: Asymptomatic Facts

Sudarshan¹,

Sharan²

2022

Leishmaniasis - General Aspects of a Stigmatized Disease

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Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania is a vector borne disease and infection is limited not to human but also to animals worldwide. For infection identification and prevalence in both Leishmania endemic and nonendemic regions, several serological and genetic techniques are used. Although diagnostic techniques and clinical symptoms can establish illness status, it is extremely difficult to diagnose infection in the absence of symptoms. Asymptomatic are healthy people who have an infection but are unaware of it. The epidemiology of asymptomatic Leishmaniasis is critical for its eradication. Only a small percentage of infected people are clinically suspected of having VL, as the majority of them may not show any symptoms and remain asymptomatic. Some asymptomatic infections may go away after a while, or they may linger for years, or they may develop to illness with clinical signs. Asymptomatic infection varies per endemic location, but almost all of them point to this hidden category of parasite infection. It is now critical to understand many factors such as diagnostic markers, genetic markers, and immunological markers along with different risk factors. All of these criteria, as well as some innovative techniques to diagnosing and controlling asymptomatic leishmaniasis, will be covered in this chapter. The main focus will be on asymptomatic condition of Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis, which is caused by Leishmania donovani and spreads via female sand fly P. argentipes biting. The numerous criteria that play a role in asymptomatic to symptomatic conversion in a specific time period will also be discussed in this chapter.

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“…Currently it is estimated that there are more than 1.7 billion people at risk and nearly 12 million people with symptomatic disease, ranging from mild cutaneous infections to severe disfiguring or lethal forms, with upwards of 50,000 deaths annually (Herwaldt 1999, Banuls, Bastien et al 2011, Alvar, Velez et al 2012, Pigott, Bhatt et al 2014). Remarkably, the great majority of infections are undiagnosed and/or asymptomatic, suggesting that well more than 100 million people may harbor parasites (Banuls, Bastien et al 2011, Mannan, Elhadad et al 2021). Persistent asymptomatic infections constitute a double edged sword – while serving as a reservoir for transmission and/or reactivation, persistent parasites are known to mediate strong protective concomitant immunity against disease pathology (WHO 2010, Banuls, Bastien et al 2011, Singh, Hasker et al 2014, Mannan, Elhadad et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Remarkably, the great majority of infections are undiagnosed and/or asymptomatic, suggesting that well more than 100 million people may harbor parasites (Banuls, Bastien et al 2011, Mannan, Elhadad et al 2021). Persistent asymptomatic infections constitute a double edged sword – while serving as a reservoir for transmission and/or reactivation, persistent parasites are known to mediate strong protective concomitant immunity against disease pathology (WHO 2010, Banuls, Bastien et al 2011, Singh, Hasker et al 2014, Mannan, Elhadad et al 2021). Leishmania have two distinct growth stages, a promastigote stage in the sand fly vector, and an intracellular amastigote stage residing within cellular endocytic pathways in the mammalian host (Herwaldt 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inositol phosphorlyceramide synthase null Leishmania major are viable and virulent in animal infections where salvage of host sphingomyelin predominates

Kuhlmann

Key

Hickerson

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Many pathogens synthesize inositolphosphorylceramide (IPC) as the major sphingolipid (SL), unlike the mammalian host where sphingomyelin or more complex SLs predominate. Thus, divergence between IPCS and mammalian sphingolipid synthases has prompted interest as a potential drug target. However, in the trypanosomatid protozoan Leishmania, promastigotes lacking de novo sphingolipid synthesis (∆spt2-) survive and remain virulent, as amastigotes salvage host sphingolipids and are still able to produce IPC. To further understand the role of IPC, we generated null IPCS mutants in L. major (Δipcs-). Unexpectedly and unlike fungi where IPCS is essential, Δipcs- was remarkably normal in culture and highly virulent in mouse infections. Both IPCS activity and IPC itself were absent in Δipcs- promastigotes and amastigotes, arguing against an alternative route of IPC synthesis. Notably, salvaged mammalian sphingomyelin was highly abundant in purified amastigotes from both WT and Δipcs-. Quantitative estimation showed SM to be about 5-fold more abundant than IPC in WT, suggesting that normally SM is the dominant amastigote SL. Analysis of the WT amastigote IPC ceramide anchor showed that it arose not from de novo synthesis by the parasite, but through catabolism of mammalian SLs, probably through the action of the parasite sphingomyelinase ISCL. These data suggest that SM salvage may account for the survival and virulence of Δipcs-, a finding which likely mitigates the suitability of IPCS as a chemotherapeutic target.

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Prevalence and associated factors of asymptomatic leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 21 publications

References 55 publications

Clinical and laboratory factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Clinical and laboratory factors associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19): A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Visceral Leishmaniasis: Asymptomatic Facts

Inositol phosphorlyceramide synthase null Leishmania major are viable and virulent in animal infections where salvage of host sphingomyelin predominates

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