Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Rural Central India

Jonas, Jost B.; Nangia, Vinay; Khare, Anshu; Matin, Arshia; Bhojwani, Krishna; Kulkarni, Maithili; Sinha, Ajit; Lambat, Sarang; Gupta, Rajesh

doi:10.2337/dc12-2377

Cited by 56 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Third, as in the case of Central India described above (19), younger populations may have a lower prevalence of diabetes (33). If we apply our prevalence results to the number of people with diabetes reported by Danaei et al (34), ;350 million, our figures would suggest that ;0.2% (or 834,000 people) of the 350 million were blind because of DR and that 1.1% (or 3.7 million individuals) of the 350 million with diabetes were visually impaired because of DR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-analysis From 1990 to 2010

et al. 2016

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OBJECTIVETo estimate global and regional trends from 1990 to 2010 of the prevalence and number of persons visually impaired specifically by diabetic retinopathy (DR), as a complication of the precipitous trends in global diabetes, is fundamental for health planning purposes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThe meta-analysis of published population studies from 1990 to 2012 for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD) yielded estimated global regional trends in DR among other causes of moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI; presenting visual acuity <6/18, ‡3/60) and blindness (presenting visual acuity <3/60). RESULTSGlobally in 2010, out of overall 32.4 million blind and 191 million visually impaired people, 0.8 million were blind and 3.7 million were visually impaired because of DR, with an alarming increase of 27% and 64%, respectively, spanning the two decades from 1990 to 2010. DR accounted for 2.6% of all blindness in 2010 and 1.9% of all MSVI worldwide, increasing from 2.1% and 1.3%, respectively, in 1990. These figures were lower in regions with younger populations (<2% in East and Southeast Asia and Oceania) than in high-income regions (North America, Western Europe, and Australasia) with relatively aging populations (>4%). CONCLUSIONSThe number of persons with visual impairment due to DR worldwide is rising and represents an increasing proportion of all blindness/MSVI causes. Age-standardized prevalence of DR-related blindness/MSVI was higher in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. One out of 39 blind people had blindness due to DR, and 1 out of 52 visually impaired people had visual impairment due to DR.Data on the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness, its causes, and its changes over time is of high importance for public health issues. On the basis of previous large-scale population-based studies and meta-analyses, diabetic retinopathy

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-analysis From 1990 to 2010

et al. 2016

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“…Nevertheless, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes greatly varies from country to country. For instance, the reported prevalence was 28.5% in the United States [18], 9.6% in India [19], 36.2% in Armenia [20], 8.1% in Beijing, China [21], 14.9% in Spain [22], 28.3% in the United Kingdom [23], 23.2% in Japan [24], and 64.1% in Iran [25]. A systematic review reported that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in population-based studies range from 30.2 to 31.6% and the prevalence in clinic-based studies range from 7.0 to 62.4% in Africa [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have indicated that longer diabetes duration [16][17][18][20][21][22], higher hemoglobin A 1 c [16][17][18][19]22], higher blood pressure [16][17][18]21,22], and higher fasting blood glucose [19,21] were associated with presence of diabetic retinopathy. Studies have also shown that higher prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was associated with increasing age [19,20,22,23], being under insulin treatment [18,20,22], body mass index and creatinine clearance rate [21], higher blood monocyte count [19], estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m 3 [22], and male gender compared with female [18,23]. Furthermore, some studies have reported that lower serum cholesterol [16], black race compared to white [18], and lower socioeconomic status [24] were associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia

Shibru¹,

Aga²,

Boka³

2019

J Diabetes Metab

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Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of type 2 diabetes resulting from long-term accumulated damage to retinal blood vessels. It is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness in adults with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and associated factors among type 2 diabetes patients visiting Tikur Anbessa Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2018. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire and direct eye examination with Topcon Retinal Camera. Data was analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 22. Logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of diabetic retinopathy. Statistical significance was determined using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Result: A total of 191 type 2 diabetes patients, mean age of 57 ± 10.1 years, participated in this study. From this, 98 (51.3%) had diabetic retinopathy. Multiple logistic regression model revealed that male were about 11 times (AOR=11.248, 95%CI=1.816, 69.689) more likely to have diabetic retinopathy. Participants who visited diabetes clinic every month were about 37 times (AOR=0.027, 95%CI=0.003, 0.0253), those with HbA1c ≤ 7% were 10 times (AOR=0.099, 95%CI=0.020, 0.485), and those without comorbid hypertension were 31.3 times (AOR=0.032, 95%CI=0.006, 0.167) less likely to have diabetic retinopathy. There was a 1.13 times increase in prevalence of diabetic retinopathy for a 1 year increase in the type 2 diabetes duration (AOR=1.126, 95%CI=1.022, 1.242). Conclusion: Our study showed the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 51.3%. Male sex, clinic visits every 6 months, longer duration of diabetes, HbA1c>7%, and comorbid hypertension were independently associated with diabetic retinopathy. Timely screening for diabetic retinopathy and continuous diabetes self-management education are warranted.

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“…To cite an example, the very basic living conditions in our study population may have been of the reasons why the prevalence of diabetes mellitus decreased beyond an age of 65 years in our study potentially due to a higher mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus [25]. Correspondingly, the rate of diabetic retinopathy in the diabetic subgroup of our study population was markedly lower (5.5% versus about 30%) than in studies from more developed regions [26]. Although a disc hemorrhage may not be a risk factor for an increased mortality, the differences in the living conditions may serve to partially explain differences in the results between our study and investigations on other ethnic groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Prevalence of Optic Disc Hemorrhages in Rural Central India. The Central India Eye and Medical Study

et al. 2013

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PurposeTo determine the frequency of optic disc hemorrhages in a rural Indian population.MethodsThe population-based Central Indian Eye and Medical Study included 4711 subjects. Mean age was 48.5±12.9 years (range: 30-100 years). Color optic disc photographs were examined.ResultsOptic disc photographs were available for 4570 (97.0%) subjects. Prevalence of disc hemorrhages was 17/8869 (0.19%; 95%CI:0.10,0.28) per eye and 16/4570 (0.35±0.09%; 95%CI:0.18,0.52) per subject. Prevalence of disc hemorrhages increased from 0.05% (95%CI:0.00,0.13) in the age group of 30-39 years to 0.25% (95CI:0.00,0.49) in the age group of 60-69 years and to 0.91% (95%CI:0.24,1.58) in the age group of 70+ years. After adjusting for older age, higher systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, myopic refractive error, smaller neuroretinal rim area and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer, occurrence of disc hemorrhages was associated only with glaucomatous optic nerve damage (P<0.001; Odds ratio: 87; 95%CI:32,239). Eleven of the 17 (65%; 95%CI:39,90) disc hemorrhages were found in glaucomatous eyes. Out of 193 glaucomatous eyes, 11 eyes (5.7%; 95%CI:2.4,9.0) showed a disc hemorrhage. Out of the 8676 non-glaucomatous eyes, 6 eyes (0.07%; 95%CI:0.01,0.12) had an optic disc hemorrhage.ConclusionsPrevalence of disc hemorrhages (0.2% per eye; 0.4% per subject) in Indians aged 30+ years was strongly associated with glaucoma after adjustment for age, blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. A disc hemorrhage suggested glaucomatous optic nerve damage with a positive predictive value of 65%. About 6% of glaucomatous eyes showed a disc hemorrhage at the time of clinical examination highlighting the importance of optic disc hemorrhages for the diagnosis of glaucoma.

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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy in Rural Central India

Cited by 56 publications

References 4 publications

Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-analysis From 1990 to 2010

Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-analysis From 1990 to 2010

Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Associated Factors among Type 2 Diabetes Patients at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia

Prevalence of Optic Disc Hemorrhages in Rural Central India. The Central India Eye and Medical Study

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