The rapid spreading of monkeypox virus is a threat for global public health: What should we do to fight this old enemy? 1 | BACKGROUND A zoonosis known as monkeypox (MPX) is brought on by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a kind of Orthopoxvirus similar to the smallpox virus, a member of the Poxviridae family. 1,2 The MPXV was initially identified in 1958 at a laboratory in Copenhagen, Denmark, had an epidemic of a pox-like illness among monkeys. A newborn baby aged 9 months was the first human MPX case identified in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Then, six MPX confirmed cases were identified until May 1971 in West African nations. Since then, the virus has been verified in thousands of humans across 15 different nations. 3 The first epidemic beyond the African nations was seen in the United States in 2003 after the importation of infected animals from Ghana. 4 Since MPX re-emerged in Nigeria in 2017, a few individuals affected with MPXV have been reported outside Africa among people who have recently traveled to Nigeria or contacted people visiting Nigeria. 5 In 2018, three MPX cases were detected in the United Kingdom, Israel, and Singapore for the first time, demonstrating that the virus was exported from Nigeria to countries other than its endemic regions. In 2021, two people affected by MPXV were detected in the United States among travelers from Nigeria, one in Maryland and the other in Texas. In the central, northwestern, and southwestern parts of Africa, 25 suspected individuals were identified on February 17, 2022, along with three verified cases and two fatalities. On March 14, 2022, six MPXV cases with two fatalities were reported from the Central African Republic. From the first day of 2022 to mid-April 2022, throughout 14 territories of DRC, about 1,152 MPX probable cases were recorded in 54 health centers, including 55 fatalities with a mortality rate of 4.8%. From the first day of 2022 to April 30, 2022, Nigeria reported 46 probable cases of MPX, including 15 confirmed cases. 6 The European region recorded the highest confirmed cases of MPX. Two types of MPXV circulate in endemic areas-the Central African (Congo Basin) clade and the West African clade; the latter causes less severe disease and mortality. 7