Higher serum interleukin‐12 levels are associated with the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder: A case‐control study results

Nahar, Zabun; Sal-Sabil, Nisat; Sohan, Md.; Qusar, Mma Shalahuddin; Islam, Md. Rabiul

doi:10.1002/hsr2.1005

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…80 Our previous studies also discovered that an imbalance of cytokines, antioxidants, and macro minerals might have an association with depression, which suggests that intake of these supplements might be beneficial for MDD patients. [81][82][83][84][85][86] The sample size and the data collection method were 2 of the primary advantages of this study. Previous researchers conducted their studies on a small scale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inflammatory pathway mediates a connection between sickness behavior and clinical depression. 45 Rodent studies reported that the administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced depressive-like behaviors suggesting the association between depression and inflammation. 46 Elevated IL-2 levels cause the degradation of the tryptophan (TRP) enzyme, a precursor of serotonin production through the IDO pathway, and thereby lead to depression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevated Serum IL-2 Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder: A Case-Control Study

Suhee,

Shahriar,

Islam

et al. 2023

Clin Med�Insights�Pathol

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Objectives: Numerous earlier studies have stated an association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and altered expression of inflammatory process. However, it still needs to determine whether the alteration of cytokines is the causative factor or a consequence of this disorder. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 in the pathophysiology of depression. Methods: We collected blood samples from 111 MDD patients and 112 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age and sex. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) score was used to assess study participants. We determined the severity of depression using the Hamilton Depression (Ham-D) rating scale. We assayed serum levels of IL-2 using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Results: Elevated levels of IL-2 were detected in MDD patients than HCs (29.79 ± 6.18 and 12.77 ± 4.84 pg/ml, P < 0.05). We observed a higher level of IL-2 in female MDD patients compared to female HCs (31.98 ± 8.34 and 7.76 ± 0.36 pg/ml, P < 0.05). We witnessed a sex-specific correlation between the serum IL-2 levels and the Ham-D score and found that the females with higher Ham-D scores had higher serum IL-2 levels. Moreover, the ROC curve represented the good diagnostic performance of serum IL-2 levels as a biomarker with sensitivity and specificity values of 83.7% and 80.4%, respectively. Conclusions: The current study findings indicate that elevated serum IL-2 levels are associated with MDD. This alteration may be the cause of triggering depression or a result of the activated inflammatory process during the depression. Therefore, we recommend further interventional research to clarify the actual reasons for these altered IL-2 levels in MDD patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Serum IL-2 Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder: A Case-Control Study

Suhee,

Shahriar,

Islam

et al. 2023

Clin Med�Insights�Pathol

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“…The incidence rate of MDD has increased during the COVID‐19 epidemic worldwide. 48 Several studies have been carried out in our lab to assess the possible role of cytokines in the development of MDD. 15 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 However, we found evidence in the literature that suggests IL‐1RA might be involved in MDD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We need more research focused on developing specific biomarkers that might aid the precise assessment of MDD. The incidence rate of MDD has increased during the COVID‐19 epidemic worldwide 48 . Several studies have been carried out in our lab to assess the possible role of cytokines in the development of MDD 16,49‐53 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…45,46 Hence, MDD is challenging to diagnose due to its heterogeneity and lack of a known etiology, many people obtain inaccurate diagnoses and go untreated. 47 We need more research focused on developing specific biomarkers that might aid the precise assessment of MDD. The incidence rate of MDD has increased during the COVID-19 epidemic worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of serum interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist levels in major depressive disorder: A case‐control study

Nahar

Monisha

Qusar

et al. 2023

Health Science Reports

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Background and Aims Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by the occurrence of one or more depressive episodes lasting a minimum of 2 weeks and is marked by a persistently low mood and a lack of enjoyment in daily activities. The diagnosis of MDD is not possible by a well‐established laboratory test or biomarker. A wide range of potential biomarkers for depression have been proposed by many studies, but none of them has adequately described the correlation between the biomarkers and depression. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA) levels as an early depression risk factor. Methods The present case‐control study included 88 participants. Among them, 44 MDD patients enrolled from the psychiatry department of a public hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and 44 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs) from various sites in Dhaka city. A qualified psychiatrist evaluated the cases and HCs based on the fifth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM‐5). The Hamilton depression (Ham‐D) rating scale was employed to evaluate the intensity of depression. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit (Boster Bio, USA) was used to determine serum IL‐1RA concentrations. Results We observed no marked alteration in the serum concentration of IL‐1RA in MDD patients in comparison to HCs (292.81 ± 24.81 and 288 ± 24.87 pg/mL; p > 0.05). Among MDD patients, we found no noteworthy association between the severity of depression and serum IL‐1RA levels. Conclusion The findings of the present study imply that IL‐1RA may not be identified as a promising biomarker for risk assessment of depression. However, its neuroprotective role may be taken into consideration for the understanding of pathophysiology of MDD.

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Evaluation of serum interleukin-12 and interleukin-4 as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder

Sarmin,

Roknuzzaman,

Mouree

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Recently, scientists have focused on pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunological dysregulation in major depressive disorder (MDD). Some research suggests pro-inflammatory cytokines' role in MDD development, whereas anti-inflammatory studies are sparse. There is no systematic investigation of Bangladeshi MDD patients' pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study examines the blood levels of IL-12 and IL-4 in Bangladeshi patients and healthy controls (HCs) to determine the diagnostic accuracy of these cytokines to identify MDD patients from those without MDD. A total of 110 people with MDD from the department of psychiatry of a teaching hospital in Dhaka and 107 HCs from Dhaka participated in this case–control study. Depression and illness severity were gauged using DSM-5 criteria and Ham-D scores. Commercially marketed ELISA kits were used in accordance with manufacturer guidelines to measure the levels of IL-12 and IL-4 in peripheral blood, allowing a comparison of the patient and control groups. In comparison to HCs, MDD patients (5333.00 ± 307.40 pg/ml) showed noticeably higher levels of IL-12 than in HCs (2331.00 ± 207.40 pg/ml). The increased levels were positively correlated with Ham-D scores (male: r = 0.351, p < 0.050; female: r = 0.389, p < 0.050), suggesting a possible relationship to disease progression. Additionally, compared to HCs (272.81 ± 23.94 pg/ml), MDD patients had significantly higher peripheral blood levels of IL-4 (876.35 ± 66.73 pg/ml) (p < 0.001). Also, there was a positive correlation between IL-4 serum levels and Ham-D scores (male: r = 0.361, p < 0.050; female: r = 0.398, p < 0.050). Therefore, we observed increased levels of these serum cytokines and their association with the severity of depression. The results of this study demonstrate the possibility of IL-12 and IL-4 blood levels as distinct markers capable of differentiating between MDD patients and HCs, possibly acting as markers of MDD susceptibility. To ascertain the diagnostic effectiveness of these two cytokines, more research is necessary.

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Higher serum interleukin‐12 levels are associated with the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder: A case‐control study results

Cited by 11 publications

References 60 publications

Elevated Serum IL-2 Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder: A Case-Control Study

Elevated Serum IL-2 Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder: A Case-Control Study

Evaluation of serum interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist levels in major depressive disorder: A case‐control study

Evaluation of serum interleukin-12 and interleukin-4 as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of major depressive disorder

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