Prevalence and Antimicrobial-Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella in Smallhold Broiler Supply Chains in Central Ethiopia

Abstract

Purpose Salmonellosis is a foodborne zoonoses found worldwide. The main purpose of this study was to isolate and identify Salmonella and assess their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles from smallhold broilers supply chains and slaughterhouses in Bishoftu and Modjo, central Ethiopia. Methods Four smallhold broiler farms under the auspices of Chico Meat were selected randomly. Feed, water, and water- and feed-trough samples were collected from broiler farms, while cecal contents were collected from slaughtered chicken at Chico Meat slaughterhouse. Conventional bacteriological techniques were used to isolate and identify Salmonella from the samples. Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion was employed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. Results Salmonella was isolated from 131 (24.3%, 95% CI 20.74–28.15) of the 539 samples tested. Salmonella was found in 43 of the 250 samples collected from Bishoftu (22%, 95% CI 17.02%–27.65%) and 76 of the 289 samples collected from Modjo (26.29%, 95% CI 21.32%–31.77%). Salmonella was isolated from 26.46% of the cloacal samples, 21% of the cecal contents, 30.77% of the feed samples, 25% of the water samples, 22.22% of samples from feed troughs, and 20% of samples from water troughs. The highest level of resistance (80.81%) was observed against tetracycline, followed by kanamycin (71.72%), chloramphenicol and amoxicillin (67.68%), sulfamethazole–trimethoprim (61.62%), naldixic acid (63.64%), and streptomycin (59.60%), whereas most of the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin (69.70%). Resistance to more than two drugs was also observed. Conclusion Salmonella was found in high prevalence in broilers, their feed, and their environment. Moreover, a majority of the isolates were resistant to most antimicrobials used in medical and poultry practices. This has significant implications for public health and antimicrobial resistance.

Burden of Antibiotic Resistance at Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital

“…The resistance towards ampicillin in this study was extremely higher than that reported for Enterococci elsewhere in Ethiopia [30]. The overall resistance towards ampicillin was lower than the reports from elsewhere [31,32] but significantly higher than the other reports [16]. The reason for high resistance towards ampicillin and also others might be due to overuse of these antibiotics [33].…”

“…The overall resistance (56.7%) of gram-negative isolates to ceftriaxone was also lower than that reported from the study in Rewand Referral Hospital where out of 241 gram-negative isolates tested for ceftriaxone, 75.9% had been resistant [40]. The resistance of Salmonella species towards the overall antibiotics tested was 55.6% which was comparable with 54.55% which was the resistance of the same species reported from elsewhere in Ethiopia [31]. In contrast, it was lower than the report from Bangladesh, 62.94% [41].…”

Surveillance of Multi Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Virally Infected Broilers

“…Salmonella expressed 80% resistance against chloramphenicol and neomycin disagreeing with Sohail et al (2021) who found a low resistance to these antibiotics by salmonella isolates in Afghanistan, this may be explained by high use level of these antibiotics in Egypt, this study found a low resistance against gentamycin (20%) disagreeing with Mohammed et al (2020) and agreeing with Belachew et al (2021) who stated that salmonella isolated were sensitive to Gentamycin.…”

Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Species and Their Mobile Genetic Elements from Poultry Farm Environments in Malaysia

“…Moreover, Abatcha et al reported that all their isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin [ 41 ]. In other countries, such as Egypt and Ethiopia, the resistance rates were 30.8% and 29.3%, respectively [ 57 , 58 ]. However, the resistance rate was comparatively lower in China (12.5%) [ 55 ], possibly due to good food hygiene practises in retail meat, with effective surveillance systems in supermarkets and open-air markets.…”