Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility level of typhoid fever in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Teferi, Melese Yeshambaw; El‐Khatib, Ziad; Alemayehu, Endawoke Amsalu; Taye, Hawult; Andualem, Azeb Tarekegn; Hailesilassie, Yonas; Kebede, Abraham Sahilemichael; Asamoah, Benedict Oppong; Boltena, Minyahil Tadesse; Biru, Mulatu

doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101670

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The comparative studies of culture and Widal test for typhoid fever in Ethiopia presented appreciable data: 0.5% vs.19% 14 , 4.1% vs. 32.6% 13 , 2.7% vs. 57.52% 9 , 20% vs. 68.4% 12 , 1.6% vs. 68.5% 17 , 10.1% vs. 81% 22 and 3% vs. 33% 23 respective prevalence of typhoid fever. According to previous studies, the Widal test has led to wrong treatment in 48-71% 17,22,31 of febrile patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…32.6% 13 , 68.4% 12 , 68.5% 17 , and 81% 22 indicating the test unreliability. The non-specificity of the Widal test makes the control of typhoid fever more challenging and also led to the unnecessary use of antibiotics and eventual resistance 2,10,23 . Thus, a relatively simple, one-step procedure, sensitive, and reliable point-of-care test like a rapid stool antigen test should be in place to diagnose typhoid fever 24,25 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Geteneh

Tadesse

Biset

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Typhoid fever continued to be the key cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries with poor hygienic practices and limited access to safe drinking water. The Widal card agglutination test is the main diagnostic tool in Ethiopia, which is limited in differentiating the overlapping symptoms with other acute febrile illnesses such as malaria and viral enteritis. This eventually leds to unnecessary antibiotic use and eventual drug resistance. Therefore this study wants to assess the burden and associated potential risk factors of typhoid fever among suspected cases using the typhoid rapid stool antigen test in Northeast Ethiopia. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Gaint and Meket Shediho primary hospitals from May to July 2021. A total of 255 patients clinically suspected of typhoid fever, and willing to grant informed consent were included systematically. The demographic and hygiene-related variables were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The rapid stool antigenic test and xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar (XLD) stool culture were evaluated for the level of agreement. The present study indicated that the prevalence of typhoid fever was 15.3%. This displayed that the human-restricted infectious disease, typhoid fever remained a challenge to Ethiopians. Washing hands with soap, history of typhoid fever, having previous history of hospitalization, and chronic underlying disease was the significant potential factor for typhoid fever. The higher agreement of the rapid stool antigenic test with the stool culture can indicate the factual burden of typhoid fever in the suspected population. This could minimize empiric treatment and the possible emergence of drug resistance. Thus, resource-poor settings may need to look for a rapid and reliable stool antigenic test.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Geteneh

Tadesse

Biset

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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“…A wide range of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles (Au‐NPs) and quantum dots (QDs), have been lately used to treat zoonotic infections [20] . For instance, conjugation of QDs with sialic acid and N‐acetyl glucosaminyl of the bacterial cell wall can help target Salmonella enterotoxin (stn) gene using Au‐NPs [21] . Other nanostructures, such as magnetic NPs (MNPs), have shown sufficient potency in bioassays [22] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] For instance, conjugation of QDs with sialic acid and N-acetyl glucosaminyl of the bacterial cell wall can help target Salmonella enterotoxin (stn) gene using Au-NPs. [21] Other nanostructures, such as magnetic NPs (MNPs), have shown sufficient potency in bioassays. [22] Moreover, immuno-magnetic separation has been mentioned for Salmonella using immune MNPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanotechnology for Therapy of Zoonotic Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview

et al. 2022

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Zoonotic infections belong to multiple infectious diseases transferred from animals to humans. Now, the treatment and diagnosis of zoonotic infections are perplexing due to genetic mutations, target site modifications, and multi‐drug resistance. Despite their benefits, most diagnostic molecular techniques have certain limits in terms of repeatability and sensitivity, mainly due to the heterogeneity among the diverse family of zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, developing more efficient and cost‐effective theranostics tools is the need of the hour to address these concerns. For this purpose, nanotechnology has revolutionized medicine with versatile potential capabilities for diagnosing and treating zoonosis via the targeted and controlled delivery of antimicrobial drugs via binding to the overexpressed infectious macrophages. Massive advancements have been made in fabricating novel nano‐based formulations to control zoonosis based on the use of poly(ethylenimine)‐conjugated nanomicelles, mannosylated thiolated chitosan (MTC)‐coated PM‐loaded PLGA NPs, mannose linked thiolated nanocarriers, adjuvanted pDNA hydrogel, arginine‐based nanocarriers, quantum dots to treat and diagnose a wide range of zoonotic diseases, including zoonotic influenza, salmonellosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, brucellosis, Lyme Disease, tuberculosis, and other infections caused by West Nile Virus, emerging coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID‐19), in a preferentially targeted way. Recently developed anti‐pathogen loaded‐nanoformulations with enhanced cellular uptake, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility have shown the ability to cross biological barriers when orally administrated. Therefore, this article reviewed the latest milestones and future growth areas in the field of efficient theranostics platforms to manage zoonotic infections.

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“…However, existing antimicrobials such as CIP belong to the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) IV, having low solubility and permeability. CIP showed low bioavailability, having a half-life of 3-4 h. Hence, owing to these physicochemical and pharmacokinetic features, CIP is incapable to reach RES reservoirs, leading to a non-uniform and unspecified drug delivery [3]. Targeted delivery to reach intestinal reservoirs for the eradication of S. typhi highly demands an oral formulation having the ability to overcome mucosal barriers in response to maximum penetration and uniform distribution [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amidated Pluronic Decorated Muco-Penetrating Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) for Improved Anti-Salmonella typhi Potential

Arshad

Tabish

et al. 2022

Pharmaceutics

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The enteric system residing notorious Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhi) is an intracellular, food-borne, and zoonotic pathogen causing typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in developing and underdeveloped countries. It also increased the prevalence of multidrug resistance globally. Currently, available anti-bacterial modalities are unable to penetrate into the intracellular compartments effectively for eradicating S. typhi infection. Therefore, in this study, we developed nanostructured lipid-based carriers in the form of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for targeted delivery of ciprofloxacin (CIP) into the S. typhi intracellular reservoirs. Capryol 90, Tween 80, and Span 20 were finalized as suitable oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant, respectively, according to the pseudoternary phase diagram emulsifying region. Targeting capability and mucopenetration of the SNEDDS was attributed to the inclusion of amidated pluronic (NH2-F127). Developed NH2-F127 SNEDDS were characterized via physicochemical, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation parameters. The size of the SNEDDS was found to be 250 nm, having positively charged zeta potential. In vitro dissolution of SNEDDS showed 80% sustained release of CIP in 72 h with maximum entrapment efficiency up to 90% as well as good hemocompatibility by showing less than 0.2% hemolysis and 90% biocompatibility. The survival rate of S. typhi in macrophages (RAW 264.7) was minimal, i.e., only 2% in the case of NH2-F127 SNEDDS. Macrophage uptake assay via nanostructures confirmed the maximum cellular uptake as evidenced by the highest fluorescence. Biofilm dispersion assay showed rapid eradication of developed resistant biofilms on the gall bladder. In vivo pharmacokinetics showed improved bioavailability by showing an increased area under the curve (AUC) value. Taken together, NH2-F127-SNEDDS can be utilized as an alternative and efficient delivery system for the sustained release of therapeutic amounts of CIP for the treatment of S. typhi.

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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility level of typhoid fever in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 6 publications

References 55 publications

Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Rapid stool antigenic test for typhoid fever among suspected cases, Northeast, Ethiopia

Nanotechnology for Therapy of Zoonotic Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview

Amidated Pluronic Decorated Muco-Penetrating Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) for Improved Anti-Salmonella typhi Potential

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