Nanotechnology for Therapy of Zoonotic Diseases: A Comprehensive Overview

Abstract

Zoonotic infections belong to multiple infectious diseases transferred from animals to humans. Now, the treatment and diagnosis of zoonotic infections are perplexing due to genetic mutations, target site modifications, and multi‐drug resistance. Despite their benefits, most diagnostic molecular techniques have certain limits in terms of repeatability and sensitivity, mainly due to the heterogeneity among the diverse family of zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, developing more efficient and cost‐effective theranostics tools is the need of the hour to address these concerns. For this purpose, nanotechnology has revolutionized medicine with versatile potential capabilities for diagnosing and treating zoonosis via the targeted and controlled delivery of antimicrobial drugs via binding to the overexpressed infectious macrophages. Massive advancements have been made in fabricating novel nano‐based formulations to control zoonosis based on the use of poly(ethylenimine)‐conjugated nanomicelles, mannosylated thiolated chitosan (MTC)‐coated PM‐loaded PLGA NPs, mannose linked thiolated nanocarriers, adjuvanted pDNA hydrogel, arginine‐based nanocarriers, quantum dots to treat and diagnose a wide range of zoonotic diseases, including zoonotic influenza, salmonellosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, brucellosis, Lyme Disease, tuberculosis, and other infections caused by West Nile Virus, emerging coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, COVID‐19), in a preferentially targeted way. Recently developed anti‐pathogen loaded‐nanoformulations with enhanced cellular uptake, biocompatibility, and hemocompatibility have shown the ability to cross biological barriers when orally administrated. Therefore, this article reviewed the latest milestones and future growth areas in the field of efficient theranostics platforms to manage zoonotic infections.

Nanotechnology innovations for increasing the productivity of poultry and the prospective of nanobiosensors

“…Food producers and distributors could use biosensors to monitor pathogens and other impurities during processing and transport (Full et al., 2021). In the poultry industry, nanobiosensors have several applications: Disease detection: Nanobiosensors can detect pathogens or diseases in poultry, such as avian influenza or Salmonella (Arshad et al., 2022; Kapoor & Rajput, 2022; Weng et al., 2021). They can identify specific biomarkers or genetic material associated with these diseases, allowing for early and accurate diagnosis. Food safety: Nanobiosensors help monitor poultry products' safety by detecting contaminants like antibiotics, pesticides or heavy metals (N. A. Singh et al., 2023; Singh, 2021).…”

Composition, preparation methods, and applications of nanoniosomes as codelivery systems: a review of emerging therapies with emphasis on cancer

“…7,16,17 Microspheres, erythrocyte immunoglobulins, blood proteins, artificial polymers, liposomes, and niosomes have been used as drug delivery systems. 18,19 An emerging form of vesicular nanocarriers, niosomes, are self-assembling vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants, along with cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules. 20,21 These vesicles have a bilayer hydrophobic membrane and a central cavity containing an aqueous phase, allowing them to encase both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.…”

“…7,16,17 Microspheres, erythrocyte immunoglobulins, blood proteins, artificial polymers, liposomes, and niosomes have been used as drug delivery systems. 18,19…”

In vitro evaluation of antileishmanial activity of Boswellia serrata essential oil nanoliposome

“…Through the precise engineering of nanoscale carriers, therapeutic agents can be targeted directly to affected cells or tissues, optimising drug efficacy while minimising adverse side effects (Alsharedeh et al, 2024). This tailored approach not only enhances the overall effectiveness of treatments but also allows for lower drug doses, reducing potential toxicity (Arshad et al, 2022).…”