Pretreatment with l-histidine produces a shift from methamphetamine-induced stereotypical biting to persistent locomotion in mice

Pretreatment with nomifensine or nomifensine analogue 4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline augments methamphetamine-induced stereotypical behavior in mice

“…in a volume of 0.1 ml/10 g of body weight. The doses of the reagents refer to the weight of salt, and were chosen based on previous reports (Gianutsos et al, 1982; Kitanaka et al, 2005, 2010; Ono et al, 1991; Scarponi et al, 1999). METH-induced stereotypy is dose-dependent; lower doses stimulate locomotion but do not produce stereotypical behavior.…”

“…Since individual stereotypical behaviors were unchanged for long periods (>30 s) after drug treatment, it was possible to record the observations by hand. The behaviors scored were inactive (awake and inactive, or sleeping), ambulation, rearing, persistent locomotion, head bobbing (up-and-down movements of the head), continuous sniffing, circling, and continuous nail and/or wood chip biting or licking, according to a method described previously (Kitanaka et al, 2010). Ambulation, rearing, and persistent locomotion were considered locomotor and exploratory behaviors, and the last four categories were considered stereotypies.…”

“…Ambulation, rearing, and persistent locomotion were considered locomotor and exploratory behaviors, and the last four categories were considered stereotypies. Persistent locomotion was not classified as stereotypy because the mice scored as having “persistent locomotion” showed horizontal locomotor activity less than or equal to that displayed by mice showing “hyperlocomotion” induced by 1 mg/kg METH (which is not generally defined as a stereotypy) measured by Animex Auto (Kitanaka et al, 2005, 2010). The cumulative number of intervals within each 5 min period in which stereotypies were observed is shown as a time course below (maximal value = 10).…”

Histamine H3 Receptor Agonists Decrease Hypothalamic Histamine Levels and Increase Stereotypical Biting in Mice Challenged with Methamphetamine

“…Since individual stereotypical behaviors were unchanged for long periods (>30 s) after drug treatment, it was possible to record the observations by hand. The behaviors scored were inactive (awake and inactive, or sleeping), ambulating, rearing, persistent locomotion, head bobbing (up-and-down movements of the head), continuous sniffing, circling, and continuous nail and/or wood chip biting or licking, according to a method described previously [20]. Ambulating, rearing, and persistent locomotion were considered locomotor and exploratory behaviors, and the last four categories were considered stereotypies.…”

“…Ambulating, rearing, and persistent locomotion were considered locomotor and exploratory behaviors, and the last four categories were considered stereotypies. Persistent locomotion was not classified as stereotypy because the mice scored as having “persistent locomotion” showed horizontal locomotor activity less than or equal to that displayed by mice showing “hyperlocomotion” (which is not generally defined as a stereotypy) measured by Animex Auto [20,21]. The cumulative number of intervals within each 5 min period in which stereotypies were rated is shown as a time course below (maximal value = 10).…”