Pretreatment options for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Yu, Dawei; Huang, Zhu; Makuza, Brian; Guo, Xueyi; Tian, Qinghua

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107218

Cited by 96 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…[14] Graphite is a kind of nonmetal conductor which can discharge in a mild way, but still generates a lot of heat. [20] Thus, discharging with solid electrical conductor is limited to the inactivation process for small batteries and requires an additional cooling technology. Aqueous solution discharging process is the most used method to discharge the residual capacity.…”

Section: Inactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wu¹,

Xu²

2022

MatLab

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), as the advanced power batteries with comprehensive performance, have widely used in electric vehicles (EVs), military equipment, aerospace, consumer electronics, and other fields. With the surge in demand for LIBs, the number of spent LIBs has increased rapidly. However, if the spent LIBs just are simply landfilled, the hazardous components contained in them such as heavy metals and organic electrolytes will pollute the environment, and ultimately threaten human health. In addition, some valuable components will be wasted by landfill, especially high-value metal elements contained in cathode. Thus, the recycling of spent LIBs is a “two birds with one stone” strategy which is not only beneficial to environmental protection but also has high economic value. Accordingly, great efforts have been made to develop efficient and cost-effective recycling processes for spent LIBs recovery. In line with the recycling process, this review first presents a series of pretreatment progresses (disassembling, inactivation, dismantling, and separation) and discusses the problems and challenges involved (automation, environmental protection, and cost, etc.). Second, we summarize and discuss the current recovery and regeneration technologies for cathode materials, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy and electrochemistry. In addition, advances in the recovery of anode and electrolyte are also introduced. Finally, based on the current state of recycling, we cautiously make some suggestions and prospects for the future recycling of spent LIBs, with a view to providing more ideas for the recycling of used LIBs.

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Section: Inactivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wu¹,

Xu²

2022

MatLab

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“…The literature shows examples of DES for recycling waste electronics and Li-ion batteries in the extraction step [112,[126][127][128]. For example, Tran et al (2019) reported the recovery of Li and CO from LCO and NMC batteries recycling at 150 • C using DES composed of choline chloride (C 5 H 14 ClNO) and ethylene glycol (C 3 H 8 O 3 ).…”

Section: Deep Eutectic Solventsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Botelho

Stopić

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Metals

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The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.

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“…No matter which recycling method is adopted, one essential step is to separate the aluminum foil from the active material of a cathode. 25,26 Though carefully treated, Al is still very often left in the recovered material more or less. However, the presence of aluminum is crucial for affecting the electrochemical performance of regenerated LFP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Start from the source: direct treatment of a degraded LiFePO₄ cathode for efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Qiu

Zhang

et al. 2022

Green Chem.

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Pretreatment options for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Cited by 96 publications

References 127 publications

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Start from the source: direct treatment of a degraded LiFePO₄ cathode for efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

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Pretreatment options for the recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries: A comprehensive review

Cited by 96 publications

References 127 publications

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Advances and Challenges on Recycling the Electrode and Electrolyte Materials in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Start from the source: direct treatment of a degraded LiFePO4 cathode for efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

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Start from the source: direct treatment of a degraded LiFePO₄ cathode for efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries