Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass conversion into biofuel and biochemical: a comprehensive review

Abstract

The most potential feedstock for industrial civilizations is lignin derived from biomass. The most prevalent aromatic polymer on earth and one of the most difficult materials for commercial application is lignin. Reducing sugars, which can be used to make biofuels and some other products, are among the many chemicals that lignocellulose biomass releases during pretreatment. Lignocellulosic material (LCMS) is a material that is easily accessible, renewable, recyclable, and plentiful. Sustainability has gained traction as a result of climate change and environmental harm. The need for a flexible strategy to meet rising global energy demands has led many academics to concentrate on renewable biofuel made from sustainable sources. Construction of industrial biorefineries using lignocellulose feedstock for biofuel production and other bioproducts. The effective and scalable valorization of lignin is one of the main issues. Its presence prevents the biochemical conversion of lignocelluloses into fuels and chemicals, which depends on the extraction of cellulose and hemicellulose. To produce sustainable energy, lignocellulosic biomass must undergo pretreatment to speed up fragmentation and reduce lignin content. Temperature, time, particle size, and solid loading are the controlling factors for lignin extraction. This study covers the working conditions, parameters, yield percentages, techno-economic evaluations, challenges, and recommended next steps for the direct conversion of biomass to hydrogen. It detailed how green pre-treatment techniques can be used to produce green biofuels, and prospects for the application of green pre-treatment technologies on an industrial scale are also provided. The sustainable lignocellulose biorefinery has a path forward thanks to effective lignin recovery and valorization techniques.

Sustainable reduction of sulfate contained in gypsum waste: perspectives and applications for agroforestry waste and sanitary sewage

“…This recalcitrance is due to the presence of a crystalline structure of cellulose, the degree of lignification, and the structural heterogeneity and complexity of cell wall constituents (Baruah et al, 2018). The choice of a more suitable pretreatment technique depends on the type of LB used, as the composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin can vary between different lignocellulosic sources (Matheri et al, 2018;Siddique et al, 2023). In this work, preference was given to reviewing physical pretreatment methods due to such procedures' strong, environmentally friendly nature.…”

Recent Advances in the Technologies and Catalytic Processes of Ethanol Production

“…Dilute acid pretreatment has received wide attention due to its cost-effective, nontoxicity, lower degradation products, corrosive, and hazardous processes that do not require as much corrosion-resistant equipment, making it easier to scale-up the operation process [107][108][109]. Alkaline pretreatment leads to the delignification of agricultural biomass by cleaving the intermolecular ester linkages between hemicelluloses and lignin fragments, increases the amorphous surface area of the cellulose as well as the porosity of the biomass, reduces the degree and crystallinity of the polymerization rate at low temperature and pressure, resulting in an enhanced hydrolysis and fermentation yield and a high amount of sugars [110][111][112]. In a comparison of various alkaline pretreatment techniques, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment is the most effective as it increases the fermentation yield at mild conditions effectively by solubilizing lignin from the complex recalcitrant structure of the macromolecules because H 2 O 2 could degrade to oxygen and H 2 O without any residues left and increases the enzyme digestibility and fermentation efficiency of the feedstock required for subsequent processing [99,[113][114][115].…”

“…The calcination process to synthesize the catalyst has also been identified to affect the performance of the catalyst. The maximum product yield of the CO 2 hydrogenation reaction is obtained from nickel(II) oxide supported on alumina and calcined at 700 • C with rod-like morphology and tiny crystallite size of nickel(II) oxide nanoparticles (12.7 nm) at facet (111) [345].…”