Pretreatment for the recovery of spent lithium ion batteries: theoretical and practical aspects

Zhong, Xuehu; Liu, Wei; Han, Junwei; Jiao, Fen; Qin, Wenqing; Liu, Tong

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121439

Cited by 56 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Although lithium does not represent a critical metal, its recovery, especially regarding future battery systems, where lithium will be manifested as an indispensable cathode component, becomes essential. In the field of battery recycling, research projects have been carried out for several years dealing with both single and combined mechanical, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes as well as pyrolysis to recover battery components [5,10,11,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. However, the focus is set mainly on critical and valuable metals, which is the reason why lithium as a component has not been sufficiently considered [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

Sommerfeld¹,

Vonderstein²,

Dertmann³

et al. 2020

Metals

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Due to the increasing demand for battery raw materials such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium, the extraction of these metals not only from primary, but also from secondary sources like spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is becoming increasingly important. One possible approach for an optimized recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs is a combined pyro- and hydrometallurgical process. According to the pyrometallurgical process route, in this paper, a suitable slag design for the generation of slag enriched by lithium and mixed cobalt, nickel, and copper alloy as intermediate products in a laboratory electric arc furnace was investigated. Smelting experiments were carried out using pyrolyzed pelletized black mass, copper(II) oxide, and different quartz additions as a flux to investigate the influence on lithium-slagging. With the proposed smelting operation, lithium could be enriched with a maximum yield of 82.4% in the slag, whereas the yield for cobalt, nickel, and copper in the metal alloy was 81.6%, 93.3%, and 90.7% respectively. The slag obtained from the melting process is investigated by chemical and mineralogical characterization techniques. Hydrometallurgical treatment to recover lithium is carried out with the slag and presented in part 2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

Sommerfeld¹,

Vonderstein²,

Dertmann³

et al. 2020

Metals

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“…In 2020, lithium was newly included among the European Union (EU)'s critical raw materials, which made its recovery, especially in the battery systems, where lithium is an indispensable cathode component, essential [13]. In the field of battery recycling, research projects have been carried out for several years dealing with both single and combined mechanical, pyrometallurgical, and hydrometallurgical processes as well as pyrolysis to recover battery components [5,10,11,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, the focus is mainly set on more valuable metals, which is the reason why lithium as a component has not been sufficiently considered [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 2: Lithium Recovery from Li Enriched Slag—Thermodynamic Study, Kinetic Study, and Dry Digestion

Klimko

Oráč

Miškufová

et al. 2020

Metals

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Due to the increasing demand for battery raw materials, such as cobalt, nickel, manganese, and lithium, the extraction of these metals, not only from primary, but also from secondary sources, is becoming increasingly important. Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) represent a potential source of raw materials. One possible approach for an optimized recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs is a combined pyro- and hydrometallurgical process. The generation of mixed cobalt, nickel, and copper alloy and lithium slag as intermediate products in an electric arc furnace is investigated in part 1. Hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium from the Li slag is investigated in part 2 of this article. Kinetic study has shown that the leaching of slag in H2SO4 takes place according to the 3-dimensional diffusion model and the activation energy is 22–24 kJ/mol. Leaching of the silicon from slag is causing formation of gels, which complicates filtration and further recovery of lithium from solutions. The thermodynamic study presented in the work describes the reasons for the formation of gels and the possibilities of their prevention by SiO2 precipitation. Based on these findings, the Li slag was treated by the dry digestion (DD) method followed by dissolution in water. The silicon leaching efficiency was significantly reduced from 50% in the direct leaching experiment to 5% in the DD experiment followed by dissolution, while the high leaching efficiency of lithium was maintained. The study takes into account the preparation of solutions for the future trouble-free acquisition of marketable products from solutions.

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“…The TG-DTG profile of the NCM LIB indicates that the weightlessness of the full battery mainly occurred in three stages (Figure ). The first stage occurred in a temperature range of 30–180 °C, which was probably attributed to the volatilization of the electrolyte . The second stage occurred in a temperature range of 180–500 °C, and it was mainly due to the pyrolysis of the separators and the binder .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The harmful element fluorine in the battery was converted into HF, which can be adsorbed by alkaline solutions. Zhong et al proposed a new process of pyrolysis–physical separation for the treatment of spent LiFePO 4 batteries, including the low-temperature volatilization for recovery of electrolytes, removal of the binder and the separator by pyrolysis, and flotation separation for recovery of pyrolysis residues. Zhang et al studied the pyrolysis characteristics of organic compounds in electrode materials .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-Component Pyrolysis Coupled with Reduction of Cathode Material for Recovery of Spent LiNixCoyMnzO₂ Lithium-Ion Batteries

Ren

Xing

et al. 2021

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Wide application of NCM (LiNi x Co y Mn z O 2 ) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for electric vehicles indicates their high scrap amount in the near future. Thus, spent NCM LIBs must be recycled from the economic and environment viewpoint. In this context, a novel process was developed to achieve efficient extraction of valuable metals and harmless treatment of organics in NCM LIBs through full-component pyrolysis. Organic substances, such as a separator and a binder, were recovered in the form of pyrolytic oil and gas, whereas the cathode material was simultaneously dissociated and reduced, realizing the subsequent extraction of valuable metals by acid leaching without a reducing agent. The leaching efficiencies of lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese were over 99.5% under optimum conditions: a pyrolysis temperature of 450 °C, a pyrolysis time of 60 min, and a nitrogen flow rate of 100 mL/min. In addition, the reduction mechanism of the cathode material was investigated by experimental design and analysis of pyrolytic gas.

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Pretreatment for the recovery of spent lithium ion batteries: theoretical and practical aspects

Cited by 56 publications

References 46 publications

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 2: Lithium Recovery from Li Enriched Slag—Thermodynamic Study, Kinetic Study, and Dry Digestion

Full-Component Pyrolysis Coupled with Reduction of Cathode Material for Recovery of Spent LiNixCoyMnzO₂ Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Pretreatment for the recovery of spent lithium ion batteries: theoretical and practical aspects

Cited by 56 publications

References 46 publications

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 1: Production of Lithium Concentrates in an Electric Arc Furnace

A Combined Pyro- and Hydrometallurgical Approach to Recycle Pyrolyzed Lithium-Ion Battery Black Mass Part 2: Lithium Recovery from Li Enriched Slag—Thermodynamic Study, Kinetic Study, and Dry Digestion

Full-Component Pyrolysis Coupled with Reduction of Cathode Material for Recovery of Spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 Lithium-Ion Batteries

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Full-Component Pyrolysis Coupled with Reduction of Cathode Material for Recovery of Spent LiNixCoyMnzO₂ Lithium-Ion Batteries