Present status of radiometric quality silicon photodiodes

Abstract

Evaluation of five types of silicon photodiode was undertaken to verify their suitability for absolute radiometry and also for their use as transfer standards in the spectral region from 1 nm to 1100 nm. Four types of photodiode were fabricated for this study; these were the p-on-n photodiode, n-on-p photodiodes with silicon dioxide front windows and n-on-p photodiodes with a metal-silicide front window. Fabrication of photodiodes with 100% internal quantum efficiency is demonstrated and their necessity for making absolute radiometric measurements with the lowest possible uncertainty is pointed out. The linearity characteristics of these devices, as measured by the ac/dc method, are far superior to those of the p-on-n diodes especially fabricated for this work and also to those exhibited by p-on-n diodes widely used at present by the radiometric community. Results on the stability of the quantum efficiency of the fabricated diodes after exposure to intense radiation of 13 nm, 120 nm, 157 nm, 193 nm and 254 nm radiation will also be presented. Photodiodes with a metal-silicide front window were the only devices stable when exposed to the intense beams of third-generation synchrotrons and UV excimer lasers.

A photodiode-based neutral particle bolometer for characterizing charge-exchanged fast-ion behavior

“…The AXUV16ELG photodiodes are capable of long lifetimes for exposure to photons 18 and ions. 19 We estimate the effective lifetime of an NPB detector to be about 30 000 shots, which is about twice the age of presently commissioned detectors, so some degradation is expected.…”

Absorption Coefficient Measurement Advanced Method of EUV Resist by Direct-Resist Coating on a Photodiode

“…In previous paper, the SXUV-100 [18] (Opto Diode Corp.) photodiode was employed. The light sensing area size was 10 mm × 10 mm.…”

The Interstellar Boundary Explorer High Energy (IBEX-Hi) Neutral Atom Imager

“…During Cal 1, an Ar-purged deuterium lamp, followed by two notch filters used to maximize the fraction of H Ly α (1216 Å) and a MgF 2 window, directly illuminated the conversion foils. The photon rate at the foils was ∼4 × 10 10 s −1 as measured using a calibrated UV photodiode (Korde et al 2003). The ion gun effect was observed when the collimator was biased to +10 kV and no voltage was applied to the photoelectron suppression grid, yielding individual count rates in CEMs A, B, and C of 17, 12, and 1.6 Hz, respectively; a total double coincidence rate of ∼0.1 Hz; and a total triple coincidence rate of <0.05 Hz.…”