Present and future ofin vitroimmunotoxicology in drug development

A roadmap for the development of alternative (non-animal) methods for systemic toxicity testing

“…The same holds true especially for immunosuppression (Carfi et al, 2007;Galbiati et al, 2010;Gennari et al, 2005;Langezaal et al, 2001;Lankveld et al, 2010) but also for chronic cell injury, increased secretion of trophic hormones, oxidative stress, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). An assay for CYP450 induction in cryopreserved human hepatocytes also is currently under prevalidation (Abadie-Viollon et al, 2010;Richert et al, 2010).…”

An epidermal equivalent assay for identification and ranking potency of contact sensitizers

“…Growing political and practical resistance to toxicity testing in animals has driven the development of animal-free methods for screening and prioritized developments for toxicants, including those causing allergic hypersensitivity. Over the last decade, several in vitro methods have been proposed to identify the potential of chemicals to induce skin sensitization (Corsini and Roggen, 2009;dos Santos et al, 2009;Galbiati et al, 2010;Luebke, 2012;Martin et al, 2010). A number of these assays are currently under prevalidation by EURL-ECVAM, (European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods) but no accepted in vitro method or integrated strategy for the identification of sensitizing chemicals is yet available.…”

Immunotoxicology: challenges in the 21st century and in vitro opportunities

“…the authors have contributed to many that have already been published (Gennari et al, 2005;Corsini, 2006;Carfì et al, 2007;Corsini and Roggen, 2009;Galbiati et al, 2010;lankveld et al, 2010;Pfaller et al, 2010). Immunotoxicology in general is also well covered in reviews and book chapters (Descotes, 2004(Descotes, , 2006Kadow et al, 2009;Dietert, 2010;House, 2010;Rooney et al, 2012), and is even the subject of entire textbooks (Dean et al, 1994;House et al, 2006), though arguably the latter may no longer be entirely up to date.…”