Presence of the diurnal rhythms of granulocyte counts and heterophil activities in chicks.

Abstract

The diurnal variations of peripheral granulocyte counts, phagocytic and bacteriocidal activities and superoxide production of peritoneal heterophils were studied in 6 to 12 week-old chicks. It was evident that granulocyte counts and activities of heterophils, i.e., phagocytosis, bateriocidal activity and superoxide production, showed clear diurnal rhythms. The diurnal rhythmic pattern of phagocytic activity was different from and rather opposite to the pattern of granulocyte counts. This means that these rhythmic patterns have no relation and that the low heterophil count was coexistent with high heterophil-phagocytic activity at any given time of day. The rhythmic pattern of heterophilbacteriocidal activity was not in agreement with the pattern of superoxide production. The reason for this is unknown. However, the diurnal rhythmic patterns of bacteriocidal activity and superoxide production are not necessarily the same, since many agents such as oxygen compound other than superoxide, and lysozomal enzymes are known to be involved in intracellular killing of phagocytes.

Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) activation in chicken heterophils stimulated with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), Formyl‐methionylleucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

“…The chickens and rats were injected with a 5% gelatin (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) solution under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium. After 16 h (chickens) or 20 h (rats), phagocyte‐rich exudates were collected from the abdominal cavity as described previously (Cahyaningsih et al. 1990).…”

“…The chickens and rats were injected with a 5% gelatin (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) solution under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium. After 16 h (chickens) or 20 h (rats), phagocyte-rich exudates were collected from the abdominal cavity as described previously (Cahyaningsih et al 1990). The chicken heterophils, which are phagocytes equivalent to mammalian neutrophils, and the rat neutrophils in the exudates were isolated by gradient centrifugation (400 g, room temperature, 30 min) using Histopaque (specific gravity: 1.084 and 1.077 respectivily, Sigma Chemical Corporation).…”

Mechanisms involved in the cytosolic calcium ion elevation induced by activating factors in chicken and rat phagocytes

“…The chicks and rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5 percent gelatin solution under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal; Dainippon Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan). After 16 h in the chicks or 20 h in the rats, phagocyte‐rich exudates were collected from the abdominal cavities of the animals as described previously (Cahyaningsih et al . 1990).…”

“…The chicks and rats were injected intraperitoneally with 5 percent gelatin solution under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal; Dainippon Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan). After 16 h in the chicks or 20 h in the rats, phagocyterich exudates were collected from the abdominal cavities of the animals as described previously (Cahyaningsih et al 1990). The chicken heterophils, which are phagocytes equivalent to mammalian neutrophils, rat neutrophils and macrophages in the exudates were isolated by gradient centrifugation (280 g, 15°C, 60 min) using Histopaque (specific gravity: 1.077, Sigma Chemical, St Louis, MO, USA).…”