Presence of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins and soluble proteins in toxic butter clams (Saxidomus giganteus)

The Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms on Aquatic Organisms

“…The fate and distribution of PST in bivalves varies according to HAB bloom characteristics; environmental conditions; prior history of exposure; species, intrapopulation, and individual variability; uptake dynamics and detoxification mechanisms; anatomical localization and retention; physiological breakdown or biotransformation mechanisms; and differences in initial toxicity of dinoflagellates (Shimizu and Yoshioka, 1981;Maruyama et al, 1983;Beitler and Liston, 1990;Bricelj et al, 1990Bricelj et al, , 1991Bricelj et al, , 1996Kitts et al, 1992;Chebib et al, 1993;White et al, 1993;Cembella et al, 1993Cembella et al, , 1994White et al, 1993;Shumway et al, 1994;Bricelj and Cembella, 1995;Cembella and Shumway, 1995;Lassus et al, 1996;Shumway 1998a, 1998b;Curtis et al, 2000;Smith et al, 2001). In more tolerant species, if PST are not lethal or usually cause only short-term responses, then suboptimal conditions may allow sublethal effects to occur.…”