Presence of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> subspecies <i>paratuberculosis</i> in suspensions of ovine trichostrongylid larvae produced in faecal cultures artificially contaminated with the bacterium

Lloyd, Joy; Whittington, Richard J.; Fitzgibbon, C.; Dobson, R.J.

doi:10.1136/vr.148.9.261

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Although M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is believed to be an obligate parasite of animals, it has been cultured from trichostrongylid nematode larvae and other invertebrates (7,17,30). Protozoa are recognized environmental hosts for a range of pathogenic bacteria that may replicate to high titer within vacuoles, persist during encystment, and in that state remain protected from chemical disinfectants such as chlorine (1,12,13,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Whittington

Marsh

Reddacliff

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

120

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In a previous longitudinal study, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survived for 55 weeks in fecal material in the shade, but for much shorter periods in exposed locations. In this experiment, the survival of the organism was studied in 250 liters of dam water and sediment in large water troughs that were placed in either a semiexposed location or in a shaded location and compared to survival in fecal material and soil in the shaded location. Survival in water and/or sediment in the shade was for up to 48 weeks compared to 36 weeks in the semiexposed location. Survival in sediment was 12 to 26 weeks longer than survival in the water column. Survival in soil and fecal material in the terrestrial environment in the shaded location was only 12 weeks. Although disturbance to sediment could not be ruled out as a factor, there was evidence of dormancy in both the water column and the sediment, since the organism could not be recovered for several months before again becoming detectable. The results suggest that water may be a significant reservoir of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Further research on the biology of the organism in aquatic environments is warranted. Animal health authorities will need to provide appropriate advice to farmers to minimize exposure of livestock to potentially infected water sources. Survival of the organism in water destined for human consumption will need to be addressed if the organism is found to be involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Whittington

Marsh

Reddacliff

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

120

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“…Other studies showed composting was ineffective at eliminating M. paratuberculosis (Tkachuk et al, 2013) and M. paratuberculosis can survive in a biogas plant for up to 6 months with DNA detectable by PCR for longer . In experimental challenge trials invertebrates were shown to be competent M. paratuberculosis hosts; protozoa (Whan et al, 2006) and nematodes (Lloyd et al, 2001) were shown to take up the organism and provide a host environment for M. paratuberculosis to survive and replicate; another study demonstrated persistence and replication within protists over 24 weeks (Mura et al, 2006).…”

Section: Prevalence In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium avium ssp . paratuberculosis detection in animals, food, water and other sources or vehicles of human exposure: A scoping review of the existing evidence

Waddell

Rajić

Stärk

et al. 2016

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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“…However, some species can propagate in the digestive tract and survive in egg cocoons of the earthworm [39,151]. Whittington et al have shown that the nematode parasite of sheep might be able to help in the transmission of Map [98,173]. The role of earthworms as vectors of mycobacterial infection in cattle and goat farms has been identified for Maa and Map [55].…”

Section: Interactions With Protozoa and Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)

Biet¹,

et al. 2005

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-Pathogens that are transmitted between the environment, wildlife, livestock and humans represent major challenges for the protection of human and domestic animal health, the economic sustainability of agriculture, and the conservation of wildlife. Among such pathogens, the genus Mycobacterium is well represented by M. bovis, the etiological agent of bovine tuberculosis, M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map) the etiological agent of Johne disease, M. avium ssp. avium (Maa) and in a few common cases by other emergent environmental mycobacteria. Epidemiologic surveys performed in Europe, North America and New Zealand have demonstrated the existence and importance of environmental and wildlife reservoirs of mycobacterial infections that limit the attempts of disease control programmes. The aim of this review is to examine the zoonotic aspects of mycobacteria transmitted from the environment and wildlife. This work is focused on the species of two main groups of mycobacteria classified as important pathogens for humans and animals: first, M. bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, which belongs to the M. tuberculosis complex and has a broad host range including wildlife, captive wildlife, domestic livestock, non-human primates and humans; the second group examined, is the M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) which includes M. avium ssp. avium causing major health problems in AIDS patients and M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis the etiological agent of Johne disease in cattle and identified in patients with Crohn disease. MAC agents, in addition to a broad host range, are environmental mycobacteria found in numerous biotopes including the soil, water, aerosols, protozoa, deep litter and fresh tropical vegetation. This review examines the possible reservoirs of these pathogens in the environment and in wildlife, their role as sources of infection in humans and animals and their health impact on humans. The possibilities of control and management programmes for these mycobacterial infections are examined with regards to the importance of their natural reservoirs.

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Presence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in suspensions of ovine trichostrongylid larvae produced in faecal cultures artificially contaminated with the bacterium

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Mycobacterium avium ssp . paratuberculosis detection in animals, food, water and other sources or vehicles of human exposure: A scoping review of the existing evidence

Zoonotic aspects of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC)

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