Presence, ergo protection ? UNPROFOR, UNHCR and the ICRC in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Mooney, Erin

doi:10.1093/ijrl/7.3.407

Cited by 38 publications

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“…Due to poor communications with the higher UN Command permission could not be sought for the evacuation, the Acting Battalion Commander would seek retrospective permission or ‘forgiveness’ when Communications were re-established. There was a palpable sense that BRITBAT 1 was at last doing something to make a direct humanitarian difference (Mooney, 1995).…”

Section: Change Of Command: Fighting In and Around Vitez A Critical mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leadership in the ‘Wicked’ Problem of Bosnia’s civil war: A case study examining ethical decision making under duress

Watters

2017

Leadership

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The author, as a UN Commander in Bosnia in the early 1990s, faced what he believed to be an ethically insoluble dilemma entangled in the Wicked Problem of Bosnia's civil war. Bosnia's civil war was a Wicked Problem constructed by history, the warring factions and the UN's policy of neutrality. The moral uncertainty of leading in Bosnia's Wicked Problem generated a tendency to construct Tame Problems enabling forthright action guided by deontological principles of moral certainty. The reality of the Wicked Problem required leaders to adopt Utilitarian judgements based on projected consequences, as in Bosnia's grey zone the Deontological certainties did not appear valid. When a Wicked Problem morphed into a crisis or Critical Problem requiring direct action, the morally correct course had to be instinctive aligning with Virtue ethics, the ethical character of the actors. This article is an attempt at reflective learning through post hoc sense making of events portrayed in a case study, the events fractured relationships, changed lives and provided stark lessons.

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Section: Change Of Command: Fighting In and Around Vitez A Critical mentioning

confidence: 99%

Leadership in the ‘Wicked’ Problem of Bosnia’s civil war: A case study examining ethical decision making under duress

Watters

2017

Leadership

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“…A impossibilidade de proteção a deslocados internos e a refugiados nas principais emergências humanitárias do período abalaram o otimismo da agência com a expansão de suas atividades, especialmente na vertente preventiva. Na Bósnia-Herzegovina, o prolongamento da limpeza étnica e o massacre na "área segura" de Srebrenica foram provas de que os conceitos de "proteção preventiva" e de "presença humanitária como proteção" tinham eficácia limitada na ausência de ação política mais incisiva (MOONEY, 1995;WEISS, 2013). Nos Grandes Lagos, tragédias como o massacre de 4 mil pessoas no campo de deslocados internos de Kibeho, em Ruanda, e o fracasso do programa de repatriação dos campos no leste do Zaire colocaram em questão a eficácia da atuação voltada para o país de origem e levantaram a possibilidade do dano que a ação humanitária poderia causar ao contribuir, mesmo que de forma não intencional, para a lógica do conflito (RIEFF, 2002).…”

Section: Essas Justificativas Para O Envolvimento Com Deslocados Internos Foram Acatadas Pelaunclassified

“…Nos Grandes Lagos, tragédias como o massacre de 4 mil pessoas no campo de deslocados internos de Kibeho, em Ruanda, e o fracasso do programa de repatriação dos campos no leste do Zaire colocaram em questão a eficácia da atuação voltada para o país de origem e levantaram a possibilidade do dano que a ação humanitária poderia causar ao contribuir, mesmo que de forma não intencional, para a lógica do conflito (RIEFF, 2002). Some-se a isso o endurecimento do regime de non-entreé pelos países desenvolvidos e a dificuldade do ACNUR em garantir que a opção do refúgio estivesse disponível para a população deslocada em países vizinhos aos conflitos (FRELICK, 1992;MOONEY, 1995).…”

Section: Essas Justificativas Para O Envolvimento Com Deslocados Internos Foram Acatadas Pelaunclassified

A origem da norma internacional de proteção aos deslocados internos : entre direitos humanos e humanitarismo pragmático

Nogueira¹

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Today 65,3 million people were obliged to flee their homes to avoid the consequences of armed conflicts, generalized violence and massive human rights violations, thus creating the worst forced displacement crisis since World War II. While 24,5 million people crossed international borders to seek refuge in other countries, the majority of people, 40,8 million, remained within the limits of their countries of residence, in places closer to conflict zones and in situations of extreme vulnerability. This category of people, called "internally displaced persons" (IDPs), was not granted with international treaties and institutions for their protection in the 1950s, as was the case with refugees. On the contrary, IDPs had to wait until the end of the 1990s for the development of the first normative and institutional arrangements that recognized their human rights and that prescribed protection responsibilities to States and to international organizations. This thesis seeks to uncover the elements and processes, at structural, agentic and interactive levels, that account for the emergence of the international norm of IDP protection. It also explains what kind of protection is foreseen by the norm and how it was discussed and constructed through time. Through the analysis of six decades of the history and geopolitics of global forced displacement, the thesis argues that the protection of IDPs went through four main phases during its process of norm emergence: (i) the identification of the issue as being internationally relevant in the 1970s; (ii) the moral problematization of the absence of consistent IDP protection in the 1980s; (iii) the dispute between two different norm proposals in the 1990s, one based on human rights regimes and the other, on pragmatic protocols of humanitarian action; and (iv) the accommodation between the two normative proposals and the following consolidation of a hybrid international norm, located between human rights and pragmatic humanitarianism.

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The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons

Phuong

2005

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Despite the fact that there are up to 25 million internally displaced persons around the world, their plight is still little known. Like refugees, internally displaced persons have been forced to leave their homes because of war and human rights abuses, but they have not left their country. This has major consequences in terms of the protection available to them. This 2005 book aims to offer a clear and easily accessible overview of this important humanitarian and human rights challenge. In contrast with other books on the topic, it provides an objective evaluation of UN efforts to protect the internally displaced. It will be of interest to all those involved with the internally displaced, as well as anyone seeking to gain an overall understanding of this complex issue.

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Presence, ergo protection ? UNPROFOR, UNHCR and the ICRC in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Cited by 38 publications

References 0 publications

Leadership in the ‘Wicked’ Problem of Bosnia’s civil war: A case study examining ethical decision making under duress

Leadership in the ‘Wicked’ Problem of Bosnia’s civil war: A case study examining ethical decision making under duress

A origem da norma internacional de proteção aos deslocados internos : entre direitos humanos e humanitarismo pragmático

The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons

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