Presence, detection, and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the sustainable remedial measures

Occurrence, transformation, bioaccumulation, risk and analysis of pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater: a review

“…It has also been reported that about 4000 different pharmaceutical compounds entered environmental compartments in Europe (Mompelat et al 2009 ). However, the detection of these emerging contaminants from various environmental compartments and their further retrieval, especially via the conventional wastewater treatment plants have always been a challenging task due to their low concentrations, typically in the range of microgram/l to nanograms/l (Adelodun et al 2021a , b , c , d ; Marasco Júnior et al 2019 ; Snyder et al 2007 ; Zhang et al 2021 ). Even though they appear at very low concentrations in environmental compartments or reclaimed wastewaters, the physicochemical properties and toxicological effects of the compounds of PPCPs are found to have negative effects on the biotic environment, including the development, growth, and reproduction of biota (Ajibade et al 2021a , b ; Cheng et al 2021 ; Zhang et al 2021 ).…”

“…Some patients even have to stay for an extended period in hospitals before they can fully recover. The utilization of hospitals in some cities across the globe has even reached critical levels with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic in the latter part of 2019 (Adelodun et al 2021a , b , c , d ; Anand et al 2021a , b , c , d ) and the succeeding waves of infection. Patients who suffer from severe symptoms of the disease need a longer time to convalesce.…”

“…The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spurred an inter-disciplinary and technological approach as a roadmap for water and wastewater management to help fight COVID-19, and possible future pandemics (Adelodun et al 2021a , b , c , d ; Anand et al 2021a , b , c , d ; Kareem et al 2021 ; Tiamiyu et al 2021 ; Anand et al 2022 ). A similar approach can be adopted for studies regarding PPCPs and their characteristic behaviours such as persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity.…”

“…Similarly, the comparative results of health risk and environmental impacts assessment of selected low mobile pharmaceuticals in biosolids amended to the soil in a regional European Union indicated that the mefenamic acid from the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory group had the highest ecological risk and environmental impact on aquatic biota, while sulfonamides and hydrochlorothiazide were moderately retained in the soil matrices (Morais et al 2013 ). Thus, the reclaimed water needs to be sufficiently free from hazardous contaminants or below the permissible limits of various contaminants to avoid potential health risks to both humans and ecosystems (Adelodun et al 2021a , b , c , d ; Ajibade et al 2021a , b ).…”

A safe haven of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: Prevalence and potential transmission risks in the effluent, sludge, and biosolids

“…Although some treatment techniques are highly effective in removing the virus and its genetic material in the wastewater treatment plants (WTTPs) (Hasan et al, 2020; Balboa et al, 2021 , Sherchan et al, 2021 ). However, information on the occurrence of both viable and the fragment material of the SARS-CoV-2 in the receiving environment like soil via effluent and sewage sludge disposal is limited despite the continuous interplay between these media ( Adelodun et al, 2021e , Anand et al, 2021b ). Sludge or biosolids herein refers to the residuals or solid fraction, depending on the state of stability or digestion, separated during the primary and secondary clarification in the wastewater treatment process or water resource recovery facilities.…”