Prescription Opioid Abuse and Tampering in the United States: Results of a Self-Report Survey

Vietri, Jeffrey; Joshi, Ashish V.; Barsdorf, Alexandra I.; Mardekian, Jack

doi:10.1111/pme.12475

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…This finding corroborated an analysis of the National Health and Wellness Survey, which also found that higher income was associated with opioid abuse (Vietri et al, 2014). Furthermore, other studies have found that student disposable income is a risk factor for adolescent use of alcohol, tobacco, hookah, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA, “Molly”), synthetic marijuana, “bath salts”, and cocaine (Martin et al, 2009; Scragg et al, 2002; Zhang et al, 2008; Palamar, 2015; Palamar et al, 2015a, 2015b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Nonmedical opioid use and heroin use in a nationally representative sample of us high school seniors

Palamar

Shearston

Dawson

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background Nonmedical use of opioids has become increasingly problematic in recent years with increases in overdoses, treatment admissions, and deaths. Use also appears to be contributing to heroin initiation, which has increased in recent years. Further research is needed to examine which adolescents are at highest risk for nonmedical use of opioids and heroin and to explore potential links between nonmedical opioid use and heroin use. Methods Data were analyzed from a nationally representative sample of American high school seniors in the Monitoring the Future study (2009–2013, Weighted N = 67,822). We examined associations between frequency and recency of nonmedical use of opioids and heroin. Sociodemographic correlates of use of each drug were also examined. Results 12.4% of students reported lifetime nonmedical opioid use and 1.2% reported lifetime heroin use. As frequency of lifetime nonmedical opioid use increased, so too did the odds for reporting heroin use, with over three-quarters (77.3%) of heroin users reporting lifetime nonmedical opioid use. Recent (30-day) nonmedical opioid use was a robust risk factor for heroin use and almost a quarter (23.2%) of students who reported using opioids ≥40 times reported lifetime heroin use. Black and Hispanic students were less likely to report nonmedical opioid or heroin use than white students, but they were more likely to report heroin use in absence of nonmedical opioid use. Discussion Recent and frequent nonmedical opioid use are risk factors for heroin use among adolescents. Prevention needs to be targeted to those at highest risk.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Nonmedical opioid use and heroin use in a nationally representative sample of us high school seniors

Palamar

Shearston

Dawson

et al. 2016

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…In a survey of 25,864 patients, older age was also associated with lower odds of prescription opioid abuse [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency, Predictors, and Medical Record Documentation of Chemical Coping Among Advanced Cancer Patients

et al. 2015

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Background. In this prospective study, we determined the frequency of opioid-related chemical coping among advanced cancer patients, as diagnosed by palliative medicine specialists. We also determined predictors for chemical coping and the concordance between the physician's diagnosis and documentation in the medical records. Patients and Methods. Palliative medicine specialists evaluated and diagnosed consecutive patients seen for chemical coping. The proportion of patients identified as chemically coping was compared with the proportion documented in the medical records. Demographic data; cancer diagnosis; history of smoking; substance abuse; psychiatric disease; morphine equivalent daily dosage; Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eyeopener (CAGE) questionnaire scores; and Edmonton Symptom Assessment System scores were also collected. Results. A total of 432 patients were evaluated. Overall, 76 patients (18%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 14%-21%) were

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“…[15,28,30] Available data suggest that men are more likely than women to abuse prescription opioid analgesics. [31,[67][68][69] Men also appear to be more likely than women to abuse prescription opioid analgesics via non-oral routes (e.g., snorting or injection) (Figure 4). [28,67,70] Other clinically relevant gender differences in patterns of abuse have also been noted.…”

Section: Differences In Routes Of Abuse Between Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6,11,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Comprehensive data on methods of manipulation and routes of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics have been generated through the US National Health and Wellness Survey. [31] The prevalence of prescription opioid analgesic abuse in the 3 months before the survey was estimated at 1.3% of the adult population in the USA. Most (91%) of the 225 abusers of prescription opioid analgesics who completed the survey reported taking the abused formulation via the intended route of administration.…”

Section: Frequency Of Different Routes Of Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Routes of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics: a review and assessment of the potential impact of abuse-deterrent formulations

Gąsior

Bond

Malamut

2015

Postgraduate Medicine

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Prescription opioid analgesics are an important treatment option for patients with chronic pain; however, misuse, abuse and diversion of these medications are a major global public health concern. Prescription opioid analgesics can be abused via intended and non-intended routes of administration, both intact or after manipulation of the original formulation to alter the drug-delivery characteristics. Available data indicate that ingestion (with or without manipulation of the prescribed formulation) is the most prevalent route of abuse, followed by inhalation (snorting, smoking and vaping) and injection. However, reported routes of abuse vary considerably between different formulations. A number of factors have been identified that appear to be associated with non-oral routes of abuse, including a longer duration of abuse, younger age, male sex and a rural or socially deprived location. The development of abuse-deterrent formulations of prescription opioid analgesics is an important step toward reducing abuse of these medications. Available abuse-deterrent formulations aim to hinder extraction of the active ingredient, prevent administration through alternative routes and/or make abuse of the manipulated product less attractive, less rewarding or even aversive. There are currently five opioid analgesics with a Food and Drug Administration abuse-deterrent label, and a number of other products are under review. A growing body of evidence suggests that introduction of abuse-deterrent opioid analgesics in the USA has been associated with decreased rates of abuse of these formulations. The availability of abuse-deterrent formulations therefore appears to represent an important step toward curbing the epidemic of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics, while ensuring the availability of effective pain medications for patients with legitimate medical need.

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Prescription Opioid Abuse and Tampering in the United States: Results of a Self-Report Survey

Abstract: Tampering with opioid medications to get high is associated with substantial loss of productivity and health care use. Technologies that reduce users' ability to tamper may reduce the burden of opioid abuse on the health care system.

Cited by 25 publications

References 26 publications

Nonmedical opioid use and heroin use in a nationally representative sample of us high school seniors

Nonmedical opioid use and heroin use in a nationally representative sample of us high school seniors

Frequency, Predictors, and Medical Record Documentation of Chemical Coping Among Advanced Cancer Patients

Routes of abuse of prescription opioid analgesics: a review and assessment of the potential impact of abuse-deterrent formulations

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