Prerequisites for the Adoption of the X - Road Interoperability and Data Exchange Framework: A Comparative Study

Saputro, Rois; Pappel, Ingrid; Vainsalu, Heiko; Lips, Silvia; Draheim, Dirk

doi:10.1109/icedeg48599.2020.9096704

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Therefore, the VAN provider exactly knows, who and when has sent/received which messages via the VAN. Other solutions can be designed to solve the problem of receiver -non-repudiation. Here, we describe a partially decentralized solution (iv-b) as found in the nation-wide data exchange layer X-Road 19,20 [42-44], which is the enabling backbone of the Estonian e-government ecosystem, compare also with [45][46][47]34]. X-Roads is based on a PKI (public key inftrastructure) for nation-wide e-identities and digital signatures and therefore has a legally trusted CA that at the same time serves as legally trusted TSA.…”

Section: Modes Of Business Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Deep Analysis of Blockchain Technology from Socio-Economic and Technological Perspectives: Intrinsic Barriers and Potential Impact

Draheim¹

2023

Preprint

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Our aim is to understand technological and socio-economic barriers to blockchain solutions that are intrinsic in the blockchain technology stack itself (permissionless as well as permissioned). On the basis of that, we want to understand the future potentioal impact of blockchain technology. We provide an argumentation against the theoretical background of Williamson's instutional analysis framework, and triangulate the insights with results from four design science research efforts. We (i) characterize cryptocurrency as one-tiered collateralized money. We (ii) review potential blockchain solutions against defined essential modes of communications. We review (iii) well-known scalability issues and potential denial-of-service attacks through a new probabilistic model. We (iv) characterize a typical neglection of physical network infrastructure in blockchain technology discussions. We (v) describe four successful blockchain solutions and explain their design. There is (vi) no evidence that the proclaimed ``blockchain revolution'' can disrupt our institutional stack; instead, it can only happen in the boundaries of the current institutional stack. Nevertheless, it is possible to (vii) design useful blockchain solutions. The findings of this research enable policy makers, decision makers and information systems architects alike to make informed decisions about blockchain technology and its application. Given its theoretic foundation in new institutional economics, triangulated with comprehensive results from design science efforts, this study is the first of its kind in the area of blockchain technology research. <br>

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Section: Modes Of Business Communicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Deep Analysis of Blockchain Technology from Socio-Economic and Technological Perspectives: Intrinsic Barriers and Potential Impact

Draheim¹

2023

Preprint

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“…New digital identity frameworks are being designed with an aspiration to achieve the efficiency of X-Road from Estonia. The X-Road government infrastructure supports a "once-only" approach to data access whereby no single piece of personal information should be entered twice (Saputro et al, 2020). Such an approach is possible due to individual servers being interlinked via end-toend encrypted channels creating an X-like backbone that supports interoperability with relying systems.…”

Section: Interoperabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WeChat is a Chinese digital infrastructure and platform for most things that can be accessed online in the country (Plantin and de Seta, 2019). Interoperability has already been solved by a few different approaches, of which X-Road (Saputro et al, 2020) and OAuth 2.0 (Hardt, 2012;Jones et al, 2015) are of most interest. Estonia's X-Road is of interest because it is the trusted Internet infrastructure for government entities (Saputro et al, 2020).…”

Section: Interoperabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

3 Stages of a Pan-African Identity Framework for Establishing Self-Sovereign Identity With Blockchain

Darnell

Sevilla

2021

Front. Blockchain

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The African continent (specifically its overwhelming in(animate) resources) is often referred to as the sleeping giant by magazines, blogs, research presentations and articles, and NGOs [such as World Bank]. Reasons for this moniker/title include the continent’s plentiful natural resources, its large and quickly growing young population, and the young population’s quick adoption and acclimatization to technology. Most countries on the continent are known as developing countries due to lack of access to safe drinking water, reliable electricity and roads, sanitation and hygiene, and a high number of people with tropical/infectious diseases. However, due to the usefulness of cellular phones and technology, several countries and companies within them have focused on cell phone proliferation (91% in Kenya). Smart phone usage allows Kenyans access to the world’s information and potentially endless innovation. Given that a large number of Kenyans with smartphones use social media, coupled with the advent of Europe’s GDPR (general data protection regulation), African identity and its associated data became an area of great interest. As the world is quickly progressing into a digital economy, a solution must be created that allows us to regain and control our identities, doing our best to ensure losing such is infinitely close to computationally and probabilistically impossible/improbable. Developing a blockchain-based identity backbone using biometrics and historical family information while allowing government-based identification documents is the best way forward. Three stages have been identified as necessities to accomplish the development of this system before opening it further beyond the pan-African worldwide community. The three stages are defined by systems that allow for biometric/demographic registration (stage 1), interoperability and security hardening (stage 2), and biometric modality data analysis/organization/association (stage 3).

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“…Saputro et al [31] compared X-Road e-government implementations in six adopter countries to establish the prerequisites to effectively deploy the X-Road data exchange protocol. They identified some requirements in legal framework support, political and leadership support, the integrity of the data, technical resources, personnel, and identity principles, among others.…”

Section: Several Studies Have Proposed the Implementation Of Open Data Initiatives In Differentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using X-Road to Implement Open Data in Electrical Systems and Promote the Integration with Smart City and Open Governance Strategies

Gil

Zapata-Madrigal

García-Sierra³

2021

TecnoL.

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The electrical industry is undergoing a deep digital transformation towards the consolidation of smart grids, which requires a high demand of data and information systems involved in the processes. Open data initiatives, which have been focused on open governance to a great extent, generate positive impacts on society and the economy in terms of easy access to public resources, agility, and transparency. These initiatives can also be adopted in the electrical industry (i.e., power, electrical, and energy systems) for customer engagement, collaboration with other industries, and reaching consensus. This study proposes the implementation of an open data solution for the electrical industry through the deployment of a data hub that offers digital services for smart city applications and the integration of the X-Road system to improve the security and interoperability of open data. This initiative aims to promote a wider adoption of open data in the electrical industry and prepare the latter for fully connected and collaborative digital ecosystems in smart cities, industries, and governments. This study also proposes an open data architecture for the interoperability of the electrical industry with other digital industries (through a Smart City Hub and the adoption of 5G technology), and it reports some relevant results and major findings in this regard. This paper highlights the benefits of promoting open data and technological strategies for digitized electrical systems while considering humans an essential factor. Finally, it discusses the pros and cons of the integration of X-Road with the electrical industry under the concept of smart grids for data exchange and potential applications.

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Prerequisites for the Adoption of the X - Road Interoperability and Data Exchange Framework: A Comparative Study

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

A Deep Analysis of Blockchain Technology from Socio-Economic and Technological Perspectives: Intrinsic Barriers and Potential Impact

A Deep Analysis of Blockchain Technology from Socio-Economic and Technological Perspectives: Intrinsic Barriers and Potential Impact

3 Stages of a Pan-African Identity Framework for Establishing Self-Sovereign Identity With Blockchain

Using X-Road to Implement Open Data in Electrical Systems and Promote the Integration with Smart City and Open Governance Strategies

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