“…This system facilitates the flow of three solvents (SC-CO 2 , aqueous drug solution, and the polymer dissolved in an organic solvent) distinctly into the precipitation vessel to overcome the compatibility issues ( Figure 1). 58 In general, the mixture of drug and polymer dissolved in the same solvent (such as acetone, DCM, or a mixture of solvents) is introduced through a two-way channel-assisted spraying method, which leads to the risk of organic solvents damaging the biomolecules. To overcome this limitation, a multi-channel nozzle system is used to spray the sensitive biomolecules (mostly peptides, proteins, and genes) separately during the SEDS processing.…”
Section: Two-channel Nozzlementioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, it should be noted that the geometric dimensions of the nozzle play a crucial role in influencing the morphology of the micro-/nanoparticles in the three-channel nozzle system. 58 In one case, Zhang et al fabricated microparticles by using the three-channel nozzle system with different inner diameters in the range of 50-2,000 μm and their ends on the same plane. 58 The inner diameters of the different channels in the nozzle had played a crucial role in the size of the initially formed droplets and mass diffusion between the solution containing the APIs and SC-CO 2 .…”
In recent years, the supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has attracted enormous interest from researchers over the traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing strategies due to the environmentally benign nature and economically promising character of SCFs. Among all the SCF-assisted processes for particle formation, the solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) process is perhaps one of the most efficient methods to fabricate the biomaterials and pharmaceutical compounds at an arbitrary gauge, ranging from micro- to nanoscale. The resultant miniature-sized particles from the SEDS process offer enhanced features concerning their physical attributes such as bioavailability enhancement due to their high surface area. First, we provide a brief description of SCFs and their behavior as an anti-solvent in SCF-assisted processing. Then, we aim to give a brief overview of the SEDS process as well as its modified prototypes, highlighting the pros and cons of the particular modification. We then emphasize the effects of various processing constraints such as temperature, pressure, SCF as well as organic solvents (if used) and their flow rates, and the concentration of drug/polymer, among others, on particle formation with respect to the particle size distribution, precipitation yield, and morphologic attributes. Next, we aim to systematically discuss the application of the SEDS technique in producing therapeutic nano-sized formulations by operating the drugs alone or in combination with the biodegradable polymers for the application focusing oral, pulmonary, and transdermal as well as implantable delivery with a set of examples. We finally summarize with perspectives.
“…This system facilitates the flow of three solvents (SC-CO 2 , aqueous drug solution, and the polymer dissolved in an organic solvent) distinctly into the precipitation vessel to overcome the compatibility issues ( Figure 1). 58 In general, the mixture of drug and polymer dissolved in the same solvent (such as acetone, DCM, or a mixture of solvents) is introduced through a two-way channel-assisted spraying method, which leads to the risk of organic solvents damaging the biomolecules. To overcome this limitation, a multi-channel nozzle system is used to spray the sensitive biomolecules (mostly peptides, proteins, and genes) separately during the SEDS processing.…”
Section: Two-channel Nozzlementioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, it should be noted that the geometric dimensions of the nozzle play a crucial role in influencing the morphology of the micro-/nanoparticles in the three-channel nozzle system. 58 In one case, Zhang et al fabricated microparticles by using the three-channel nozzle system with different inner diameters in the range of 50-2,000 μm and their ends on the same plane. 58 The inner diameters of the different channels in the nozzle had played a crucial role in the size of the initially formed droplets and mass diffusion between the solution containing the APIs and SC-CO 2 .…”
In recent years, the supercritical fluid (SCF) technology has attracted enormous interest from researchers over the traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing strategies due to the environmentally benign nature and economically promising character of SCFs. Among all the SCF-assisted processes for particle formation, the solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) process is perhaps one of the most efficient methods to fabricate the biomaterials and pharmaceutical compounds at an arbitrary gauge, ranging from micro- to nanoscale. The resultant miniature-sized particles from the SEDS process offer enhanced features concerning their physical attributes such as bioavailability enhancement due to their high surface area. First, we provide a brief description of SCFs and their behavior as an anti-solvent in SCF-assisted processing. Then, we aim to give a brief overview of the SEDS process as well as its modified prototypes, highlighting the pros and cons of the particular modification. We then emphasize the effects of various processing constraints such as temperature, pressure, SCF as well as organic solvents (if used) and their flow rates, and the concentration of drug/polymer, among others, on particle formation with respect to the particle size distribution, precipitation yield, and morphologic attributes. Next, we aim to systematically discuss the application of the SEDS technique in producing therapeutic nano-sized formulations by operating the drugs alone or in combination with the biodegradable polymers for the application focusing oral, pulmonary, and transdermal as well as implantable delivery with a set of examples. We finally summarize with perspectives.
“…The solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS) process is one of the modified SAS processes. In this process, the solution and SC-CO 2 are sprayed into a precipitator by a coaxial nozzle [11,[24][25][26][27][28] Water-soluble nanoparticles of the carotenoid/cyclodextrin complex were produced for synthesizing medicines by the SEDS process [29]. In this study, the organic solvent used was N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), which is not approved anywhere in the world for use in food or supplement products.…”
Production of micro-to nano-sized particles of b-carotene was investigated by means of solution-enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids (SEDS). b-Carotene was dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), n-hexane, or ethyl acetate, and supercritical CO 2 served as an antisolvent. The effects of the organic solvents, operating pressure, and temperature were examined. The morphologies of the particles produced by the SEDS were observed by field emission-scanning electron microscopy and particle sizes were determined by image analysis. Irregularly shaped microparticles were produced in the system with DCM and DMF solution. Plate-like microparticles were generated by using n-hexane solution and irregular nanoparticles by ethyl acetate solution. The optimum operating conditions were found to be ethyl acetate as solvent in a defined pressure and temperature range.
“…The particle formation using scCO 2 avoids most of the drawbacks of the conventional methods and presents many advantages for biomedical applications, including small particle size, mild operating conditions, very low/no organic solvent residue, and being environmentally benign [22,23]. A common technique for particle formation using scCO 2 is a supercritical antisolvent (SAS) process.…”
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