Preparation of TPP-crosslinked chitosan microparticles by spray drying for the controlled delivery of progesterone intended for estrus synchronization in cattle

Abstract

The mathematical model developed can help to find proper particle features to reach specific delivery rates in the animals. This not only save time, money and effort but also minimized experimentation with animals which is desired from an ethical point of view.

Microencapsulation of Copper(II) Sulfate in Ionically Cross-Linked Chitosan by Spray Drying for the Development of Irreversible Moisture Indicators in Paper Packaging

“…However, as shown in Figure 6 , the increase in inlet temperature favored the formation of shrunken-type microparticles due to a faster evaporation rate. Similar observations were previously made by other authors [ 38 , 40 ]. For instance, Wei et al [ 40 ] recently observed that the particle size increased when increasing the liquid flow-rate, whereas the number of indentations increased by increasing the inlet temperature, during the encapsulation of theopylline in STPP-cross-linked chitosan using spray drying.…”

“…In addition, the use of STPP for chitosan cross-linking could also contribute to an increase in the surface roughness [ 37 ]. Similarly, Helbling et al [ 38 ] observed that the addition of STPP favored the formation of shrunken microparticles with a mean size of 4 µm and a raisin morphology, when encapsulating progesterone into STPP-cross-linked chitosan using spray drying with an inlet temperature of 170 °C and a liquid flow-rate of 204 mL/min. In another study, Aranaz et al [ 31 ] also obtained shrunken microparticles by encapsulating venlafaxine hydrochloride into STPP-cross-linked chitosan using spray drying with an inlet temperature of 160 °C.…”

“…These parameters are in agreement with those previously reported by other authors to encapsulate different types of compounds in chitosan using spray drying, including pharmaceutical compounds, enzymes or antioxidants, among others, where the inlet temperature varied between 120 and 180 °C and the liquid flow-rate between 120 and 420 mL/h [ 37 ]. Additionally, Helbling et al [ 38 ] reported a maximum operation yield when encapsulating progesterone into STPP-cross-linked chitosan using spray drying, using an inlet temperature of 170 °C and a liquid flow-rate of 204 mL/min. Similarly, Learoyd et al [ 39 ] selected an inlet temperature of 180 °C, a liquid flow-rate of 192 mL/h, an atomizing gas flow-rate of 600 L/h, and an aspiration rate of 85% for the encapsulation of beclometasone dipropionate in chitosan using spray drying, obtaining encapsulation efficiencies over 60%.…”

Ionically Crosslinked Chitosan Membranes Used as Drug Carriers for Cancer Therapy Application

“…They can be obtained either by association with small anionic molecules, by hydrogen bonding, by hydrophobic associations, or by polyanions [ 22 ]. Among them, ionotropic gelation of chitosan by polyanions, particularly by tripolyphosphate (TPP), a non-toxic polyanion that can interact with chitosan via electrostatic forces to form ionic crosslinked networks, has been widely used [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels can be used as drug delivery systems for controlled release not only in acidic but also in basic media, for rapid release by dissolution and as thermogelling systems.…”

State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Nanotechnologies for Smart Reproductive Management of Farm Animals

“…In view of these circumstances, Helbling and coworkers [43] developed a complex of chitosan-tpp-Tween80 as a biodegradable carrier for progesterone using the spray-drying technique. The particles obtained by this method were at micro size (ranged between 1 and 7 µm) and 69%-75% encapsulation efficiency; however, the authors supported its efficacy as a biodegradable delivery system for progesterone in cattle.…”