Preparation of Titanium from TiCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; in a Molten Fluoride-chloride Salt

Zhu, Fuxing; Qiu, Kehui; Sun, Zhen‐Gang

doi:10.5796/electrochemistry.85.715

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Previous reports have shown that metallic titanium can be electrodeposited only from high-temperature molten salts as electrolytes. Generally, chlorides, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] fluorides, [14][15][16][17][18] and chloride-fluoride mixtures [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] have been used as the molten salt electrolytes for titanium electrodeposition. The morphology of the Ti deposits closely depends on the type of salts used as electrolyte.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Behavior of Ti(III) Ions in Molten LiF–LiCl: Comparison with the Behavior in Molten KF–KCl

Norikawa

Yasuda

2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Ti(III) ions has been prepared by the addition of 0.50 mol% of Li2TiF6 and 0.33 mol% of Ti sponge to LiF–LiCl melt, and their electrochemical behavior has been investigated using cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry at 923 K. The reduction of Ti(III) ions to metallic Ti is observed around 1.2 V vs Li+/Li, whereas the oxidation to Ti(IV) ions is observed at 2.78 V as a reversible electrochemical process. The diffusion coefficient of Ti(III) ions is determined to be 3.2 × 10−5 cm2 s−1. The electrochemical behavior of Ti(III) ions in LiF–LiCl melt is compared to that in KF–KCl melt. The potentials for Ti(IV)/Ti(III) and Ti(III)/Ti(0) couples based on the F2/F− potential in LiF–LiCl melt are more positive than those in KF–KCl melt by 0.41 V and 0.31 V, respectively. Such differences in potential are explained by the difference in interactions between Li+–F− and K+–F−.

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Behavior of Ti(III) Ions in Molten LiF–LiCl: Comparison with the Behavior in Molten KF–KCl

Norikawa

Yasuda

2020

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…By using different sizes of raw oxide particles, the concentration of residual oxygen in the cathode imposes a reduction mechanism using calcium from the cast iron [87]. Another method was introduced for the preparation of titanium metal by reduction of TiCl 4 in NaCl-KCl-NaF eutectic melts [88]. A new method for manufacturing porous titanium by in situ calcium vapor reduction of titanium sesquioxide was presented by Yang et al [89].…”

Section: Quebec Iron and Titane (Qit) Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium: An Overview of Resources and Production Methods

2021

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For several decades, the metallurgical industry and the research community worldwide have been challenged to develop energy-efficient and low-cost titanium production processes. The expensive and energy-consuming Kroll process produces titanium metal commercially, which is highly matured and optimized. Titanium’s strong affinity for oxygen implies that conventional Ti metal production processes are energy-intensive. Over the past several decades, research and development have been focusing on new processes to replace the Kroll process. Two fundamental groups are categorized for these methods: thermochemical and electrochemical. This literature review gives an insight into the titanium industry, including the titanium resources and processes of production. It focuses on ilmenite as a major source of titanium and some effective methods for producing titanium through extractive metallurgy processes and presents a critical view of the opportunities and challenges.

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“…7 In this regard, studies of the electrochemical behavior of titanium complexes are of undoubted interest. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] At the same time, the presence of alkaline earth metal cations in molten alkali metal halides leads to significant changes in the kinetic and transport properties of titanium containing melts. [19][20][21] To monitor such changes, it is advisable to use quantum-chemical simulations.…”

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Study of the Electron Transfer in Titanium Containing Melts by Electrochemical and Quantum-Chemical Methods

Stulov

Vetrova

Kremenetsky

et al. 2021

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electron transfer mechanism in a titanium containing system was investigated by electrochemical and quantum-chemical methods. The kinetics of charge transfer for the Ti(IV)/Ti(III) redox couple in the (NaCl–KCl)equimol–NaF (10 wt%)-K2TiF6 melt with addition of Ca2+ cations was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The standard rate constants of charge transfer (k s ) were calculated by Nicholson’s method. The increase values of the k s reaching the maximum at mole ratio Ca2+/Ti(IV) equals 1:1 was found. Values of activation energy for system with Ca2+ cations are considerably less than activation energies of the system without Ca2+ cations. The quantum-chemical calculations were performed using the Firefly quantum-chemical package by methods of the density functional theory. Structures with a high probability of the electron transfer from the cathode to the titanium complex were found. Using the Frontier molecular orbital method made it possible with a small amount of computer time to determine the structure of the transition state of the TiF6 2− complex. The calculated activation energy of the electron transfer was in a good agreement with experimentally determined value.

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Preparation of Titanium from TiCl<sub>4</sub> in a Molten Fluoride-chloride Salt

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Electrochemical Behavior of Ti(III) Ions in Molten LiF–LiCl: Comparison with the Behavior in Molten KF–KCl

Electrochemical Behavior of Ti(III) Ions in Molten LiF–LiCl: Comparison with the Behavior in Molten KF–KCl

Titanium: An Overview of Resources and Production Methods

Study of the Electron Transfer in Titanium Containing Melts by Electrochemical and Quantum-Chemical Methods

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