Preparation of single-crystal ternary cathode materials <i>via</i> recycling spent cathodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries

Huang, Cheng Liang; Xia, Xue; Chi, Ziwei; Yang, Zeheng; Huang, Haijian; Chen, Zhangxian; Tang, Wenxiang; Wu, Guoqing; Chen, Hong‐Yuan; Zhang, Weixin

doi:10.1039/d2nr00993e

Cited by 27 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…To provide further evidence about the effect of topotactic transformation on the regeneration of SNCM523, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement was performed on RSNCM523 and RHSNCM523. As shown in the spectra of RSNCM523 (Figure h), with the increase of etching depth, the nearly same shift of Ni 2p and O 1s suggests that the Ni–O bond does not change, while the shift of the Ni 2p and O 1s element characteristic peaks at different etching depths may be related to the chemical environment changes of the Ni and O elements of the unconverted failed structure in RSNCM523 . To more directly prove the improved Li + transport in RHSNCM523, the Li atomic content was extracted.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As shown in the spectra of RSNCM523 (Figure 4h), with the increase of etching depth, the nearly same shift of Ni 2p and O 1s suggests that the Ni−O bond does not change, while the shift of the Ni 2p and O 1s element characteristic peaks at different etching depths may be related to the chemical environment changes of the Ni and O elements of the unconverted failed structure in RSNCM523. 51 To more directly prove the improved Li + transport in RHSNCM523, the Li atomic content was extracted. For RSNCM523 (Figure 4j), Li + decreases from the surface to the bulk, which is related to the high migration barriers of 2-TM Li + transport channels in rock salt/spinel on the surface of SNCM523.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Topotactic Transformation of Surface Structure Enabling Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

et al. 2023

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Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become an urgent task to address the issues of resource shortage and potential environmental pollution. However, direct recycling of the spent LiNi 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 O 2 (NCM523) cathode is challenging because the strong electrostatic repulsion from a transition metal octahedron in the lithium layer provided by the rock salt/spinel phase that is formed on the surface of the cycled cathode severely disrupts Li + transport, which restrains lithium replenishment during regeneration, resulting in the regenerated cathode with inferior capacity and cycling performance. Here, we propose the topotactic transformation of the stable rock salt/spinel phase into Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 (OH) 2 and then back to the NCM523 cathode. As a result, a topotactic relithiation reaction with low migration barriers occurs with facile Li + transport in a channel (from one octahedral site to another, passing through a tetrahedral intermediate) with weakened electrostatic repulsion, which greatly improves lithium replenishment during regeneration. In addition, the proposed method can be extended to repair spent NCM523 black mass, spent LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 , and spent LiCoO 2 cathodes, whose electrochemical performance after regeneration is comparable to that of the commercial pristine cathodes. This work demonstrates a fast topotactic relithiation process during regeneration by modifying Li + transport channels, providing a unique perspective on the regeneration of spent LIB cathodes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topotactic Transformation of Surface Structure Enabling Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

et al. 2023

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“…This process is also applicable to the mono-crystallization of NCM523, NCM622, NCM811 and mixed scrap with appropriate changes in roasting conditions. 50 The collected NCM523 cathode material was ground with additional Li 2 CO 3 according to an Li/TM molar ratio of 1 : 1.05 to activate the recycled material by high energy ball milling (400 rpm, 12 h, ethanol). 51 Subsequent sintering at high temperature was performed to complete the single-crystal conversion.…”

Section: Available Recycling Technologies For Libsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Lin

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

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“…Huan et al [76] demonstrated a facile method to regenerate a brand new plate-like NCM622 cathode materials with wellmatched {010} planes from the spent cathode NCM622 followed by molten salt strategy. The morphological, compositional, and structural restoration was investigated by using various physico-chemical techniques like XRD, XPS, FESEM and HRTEM.…”

Section: Ionothermal and Molten Salt Process Of Relithiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

Raj

Sahoo

Nikoloski

et al. 2022

Batteries & Supercaps

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Batteries & Supercaps www.batteries-supercaps.org Review doi.org/10.1002/batt.202200418The inherent advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic gadgets is expanding exponentially, and the ongoing surge of electric vehicles (EVS) in the near future will result in an unprecedented amount of lithium waste. Used cathode materials contain hazardous metal toxic, polymer binder, and electrolytes, posing a serious risk to the environment and public health. For socio-environmental reasons, it is required to recover all valuable metals or to immediately relithiate the used cathode materials by adding suitable salts in the stoichiometric ratio. As the consumption of batteries increases over time in daily life, recycling LIBs will become more and more crucial. Compared to the traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical routes, direct recycling technologies can regenerate electrodes without using an intensive energy or chemicals, which saves money and reduces secondary waste. As a result, the authors emphasise direct relithiation methods for spent cathode relithiation, such as hydrothermal, ionothermal, electrochemical, and molten salts. In-depth analysis and discussion are also given to the aforementioned approaches. The deactivation, disintegration, and separation processes used in the physical processing of black mass and other constituents are discussed. We reviewed the obstacles, possible commercialization of technology, and recommendations to the reviewer for the developing ecologically friendly recycling technology in the near future toward the circular economy.

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Preparation of single-crystal ternary cathode materials via recycling spent cathodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries

Abstract: With the rapid consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the recycling of spent LIBs is becoming imperative. However, the development of effective and environmental-friendly methods towards the recycling of spent LIBs,...

Cited by 27 publications

References 66 publications

Topotactic Transformation of Surface Structure Enabling Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Topotactic Transformation of Surface Structure Enabling Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Retrieving Spent Cathodes from Lithium‐Ion Batteries through Flourishing Technologies

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