Preparation of selective and sensitive electrochemically treated pencil graphite electrodes for the determination of uric acid in urine and blood serum

Development of Sudan II sensor based on modified treated pencil graphite electrode with DNA, o-phenylenediamine, and gold nanoparticle bioimprinted polymer

“…As shown in Fig. 2A and previous article [15], an interesting surface morphology was observed. The surface area of PGE electrode was increased by the formation of nanoparticles with diameters of around 60 nm.…”

“…First of all, the surface of the pencil lead was pretreated according to a method reported by Özcan et al [15]. The electrochemical treatment of PGE was performed in an aqueous mixture containing 0.1 mol L −1 of LiClO 4 and Na 2 CO 3 by applying potential between −0.3 V and +2.0 V with a scan rate of 50 mV s −1 for five scans.…”

“…Pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) have several advantages such as avoidance of contamination, commercial availability, disposability, reproducibility, low cost, and low background current [7,14] compare to the other carbon-based electrodes. Various pretreatment procedures have been reported to increase the effective surface area of PGE and achieve faster electron transfer rates [14,15]. In this regard, the pencil lead was pretreated according to a method reported by Özcan et al [15].…”

“…Various pretreatment procedures have been reported to increase the effective surface area of PGE and achieve faster electron transfer rates [14,15]. In this regard, the pencil lead was pretreated according to a method reported by Özcan et al [15].…”

Poly(acridine orange)-modified glassy carbon electrodes: electrosynthesis, characterisation and sensor application with uric acid

“…However, these methods are relatively expensive, complex and time-consuming. Electroanalytical techniques have often been used for the determination of UA due to their advantages such as high sensitivity, selectivity, low cost, simplicity and short analysis time [20,21].…”