Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid in Mixed and Clinical Samples: A Review

Abstract

The present review has sought to explore the technological advances that have been made in recent years towards the selective analysis of uric acid and critically evaluate how they could, in fact, be exploited as a basis for a multi analyte sensor incorporating uric acid detection. Numerous strategies have evolved in recent years but these have invariably focused on the manufacture and response characterization of discrete sensors. Various methods of obtaining selective detection such as use of uricase enzymes, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, polymers, conducting polymers and MIPs are also discussed along with the clinical relevance of UA determination.

Voltammetric Determination of Nicotine at Poly(4‐Amino‐3‐Hydroxynaphthalene Sulfonic Acid)‐Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

“…Among the different approaches available to deposit the polymer film on the electrode surface, electropolymerization has been found to be the most convenient. Electropolymerization offer the advantages of simplicity, uniform and controlled film thickness and deposition can be adjusted as required by changing electrochemical parameters [24,27]. However, this approach is not well explored for NIC determination except some reports like the amperometric determination of NIC at a molecularly imprinted titanium oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)(TiO 2 /PEDOT)-modified electrode [20].…”

“…Reports of NIC oxidation at + 1.3 V (vs. Ag/AgCl, pH 8) at boron doped diamond (BDD) electrode [21] and reduction at À1.4 V(vs. SCE, pH 4.5) at multi-walled carbon nanotubes-modified glassy carbon electrode (MWCNTs/GCE) [18] illustrate this fact. However, chemically modified electrodes are still common in electrochemical determination due to higher rates of electrochemical reaction, higher sensitivity and selectivity they offer than bare electrodes [24].…”

Electrochemical Sensors Based on Electropolymerized Films

“…Many works and reviews related on this area have been reported. Lakshmi D et al has reviewed the application of electrochemical sensors for uric acid detection in mixed and clinical samples [15]. Ronkainen et al reviewed the application of electrochemical biosensors from two points: biocatalyst and affinity [16].…”

Flavin mononucleotide-exfoliated graphene flakes as electrodes for the electrochemical determination of uric acid in the presence of ascorbic acid

“…The common method employed in clinical laboratories to determine the concentration of UA in human fluids is based on the specific enzymatic oxidation of UA [2]. Other method is high performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection [8].…”

“…Other method is high performance liquid chromatography with UV absorbance detection [8]. However, the use of the electrochemical methods provides some advantages, such as short analysis time, simple experimental procedures, relatively economical instrumental requirements and high selectivity and sensitivity [2]. As a result, electrochemical techniques have been widely employed for the determination of several analytes, including UA and AA.…”