Preparation of Nanoparticles

Abstract

Innovative developments of science and engineering have progressed very fast toward the synthesis of nanomaterials to achieve unique properties that are not the same as the properties of the bulk materials. The particle reveals interesting properties at the dimension below 100 nm, mostly from two physical effects. The two physical effects are the quantization of electronic states apparent leading to very sensitive size-dependent effects such as optical and magnetic properties and the high surface-to-volume ratio modifies the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of materials. The nanoparticles' unique physical and chemical properties render them most appropriate for a number of specialist applications.

Plant-Based Biosynthesis of Copper/Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: An Update on Their Applications in Biomedicine, Mechanisms, and Toxicity

“…Generally, physical and chemical methods are used commercially for the synthesis of NPs. Chemical methods such as the electrochemical method [ 5 ], precipitation [ 6 ], the sonochemical route [ 7 ], sol-gel [ 8 , 9 ], the hydrothermal approach [ 10 , 11 ], chemical bath deposition [ 12 ], chemical reduction [ 13 ], and chemical vapor deposition use harsh reducing agents, organic solvents, and toxic chemicals and produce dangerous byproducts [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. The use of harsh synthetic chemicals, including sodium borohydride [ 17 ], hypophosphite [ 18 ], and hydrazine [ 19 ], as reducing agents in the chemical approach leads to the adsorption of harsh chemicals on the surface of the synthesized NPs and, eventually, increase their toxicity [ 20 ].…”

“…The use of harsh synthetic chemicals, including sodium borohydride [17], hypophosphite [18], and hydrazine [19], as reducing agents in the chemical approach leads to the adsorption of harsh chemicals on the surface of the synthesized NPs and, eventually, increase their toxicity [20]. On the other hand, the physical methods, such as plasma, pulsed laser, gamma radiation, and mechanical milling, normally require high energy and are more time-consuming to scale-up compared to green synthesis [16,21,22]. Generally, physical and chemical methods are used commercially for the synthesis of NPs.…”

Nanomaterials for Remediation of Environmental Pollutants

“…Oxide-based nanoparticles of vanadium, yttrium, manganese, cobalt, tin, lead, and titanium can be produced by this method. Because of its unique properties of high reducing ability and high boiling point, ethylene glycol is the most broadly adopted solvent in the polyol technique in metal oxide nanoparticles manufacturing [ 84 ]. Bimetallic alloys and core-shell nanoparticles can also be produced by this method [ 85 ].…”

“…XRD, SEM, and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to analyze the generated ZnS nanoparticles. According to the XRD spectrum, the average size of the nanocrystallites was measured using the Debye-Scherrer formula, and they were determined to be around 6 nm [ 84 ].…”

Data-Centric Architecture for Self-Driving Laboratories with Autonomous Discovery of New Nanomaterials

“…When talking about nanomaterials, the saying is often cited by Norio Taniguchi who first stated in 1974: “nanotechnology mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule” and the full size or one of the material dimensions within 1 to 100 nanometers. Currently, discovering new functional nanomaterials typically involves two approaches [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]: top-down and bottom-up. The latter is used by experimenters and researchers more often than the former.…”