Preparation of Nanoemulsions by High-Energy and Lowenergy Emulsification Methods

Hadžiabdić, Jasmina; Džana, Orman; Elezovic, A; Vranić, Edina; Rahić, Ognjenka

doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4166-2_48

Cited by 73 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…High energy NE formation involves the use of devices that reduce the size of the inner phase droplet into a unified and reproducible range. This method is sophisticated, consumes large amount of energy, and is not suitable for thermolabile components such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acid, and retinoids [88].…”

Section: High Energy Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanoemulsion: A Review on Mechanisms for the Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs

et al. 2019

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Nanoemulsions (NEs) are colloidal dispersions of two immiscible liquids, oil and water, in which one is dispersed in the other with the aid of a surfactant/co-surfactant mixture, either forming oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) nanodroplets systems, with droplets 20–200 nm in size. NEs are easy to prepare and upscale, and they show high variability in their components. They have proven to be very viable, non-invasive, and cost-effective nanocarriers for the enhanced transdermal delivery of a wide range of active compounds that tend to metabolize heavily or suffer from undesirable side effects when taken orally. In addition, the anti-microbial and anti-viral properties of NE components, leading to preservative-free formulations, make NE a very attractive approach for transdermal drug delivery. This review focuses on how NEs mechanistically deliver both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs through skin layers to reach the blood stream, exerting the desired therapeutic effect. It highlights the mechanisms and strategies executed to effectively deliver drugs, both with o/w and w/o NE types, through the transdermal way. However, the mechanisms reported in the literature are highly diverse, to the extent that a definite mechanism is not conclusive.

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Section: High Energy Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optimally, a NE with an oil content of 20% is used for this method, as a large amount of oil in the formulation reduces the productivity of this method significantly. This is one of the most frequently used methods for the preparation of NEs using a high energy technique [88].…”

Section: High-pressure Homogenizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoemulsion: A Review on Mechanisms for the Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs

et al. 2019

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“…Meanwhile, high-energy methods, including high-pressure homogenizer (HPH), microfluidization, high-speed homogenizer (HSH), and ultrasonication are more flexible in terms of surfactant selection, and they have the ability to produce nanoemulsions in a very short time [16][17][18]. In addition, high-energy methods are able to produce fine emulsion from various materials [18].…”

Section: Of 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective Droplet Size Reduction and Excellent Stability of Limonene Nanoemulsion Formed by High-Pressure Homogenizer

Hidajat¹,

Jo²,

Kim³

et al. 2020

Colloids and Interfaces

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Limonene as an interesting bioactive material that has great benefits due to its antimicrobial and anti-carcinogen properties. However, it has several limitations such as its oxidative and oily nature. In order to overcome these limitations, a high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) was utilized to produce limonene nanoemulsion, which enhances its dispersibility while preventing oxidation with great stability. Limonene was pre-mixed with soybean oil as carrier oil prior to emulsification. The effect of soybean oil to limonene ratio, number of pass, homogenization pressure, emulsifier concentration and homogenization method were observed. A stability test was also conducted for 28 days at room temperature. The result revealed that soybean oil and limonene demonstrated a certain ratio to produce the most stable nanoemulsion. Meanwhile, emulsion size could be reduced from 327.8 nm to 55.5 nm in five passes at 1000 bar. Increasing the emulsifier concentration could reduce the droplet size to 40 nm. A comparison with other emulsification method showed that HPH was the best emulsification technique due to its intense emulsification power resulted from shear, cavitation, and droplet impacts. This study reveals that HPH is a great and simple way to produce stable limonene nanoemulsion for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

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“…Microemulsions also need a high surfactant concentration compared to nanoemulsions. The application of nanoemulsion in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, and chemical industry is comparatively more than microemulsion since moderate surfactant concentration is sufficient for their making [5].…”

Section: Nanoemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fabrication of nanoemulsion involves the preparation of macroemulsions and then it's conversion to nanoemulsion by various methods, all of which can be categorized into either Low energy or High energy methods [5,16]. Techniques which involve modification of factors responsible for the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance come under Low energy methods and those that use mechanical devices to break down the particles to small sizes are referred to as high energy methods.…”

Section: Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on Nanoemulsions Using Nanosized Liquid in Liquid Colloidal Systems

Gupta¹,

Bhandari²,

Shah³

et al. 2019

Nanoemulsions - Properties, Fabrications and Applications

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Nanoemulsions, kinetically stable and thermodynamically unstable colloidal liquid-in-liquid dispersions with droplet sizes in the order of 20-500 nm mainly consist of oil, surfactants, co surfactants and an aqueous phase. There are various methods for the fabrication of Nano-emulsions which can be divided based on the energy required-High energy emulsification methods and Low energy emulsification methods. High energy emulsification includes methods like Ultra sonication, high pressure homogenization using either microfluidizers or high-pressure homogenizers. Low energy emulsification has drawn attention since they are soft, nondestructive and cause no damage to encapsulated molecules and includes methods like phase inversion temperature, solvent displacement, phase inversion composition method. Nanoemulsions are best suited for drug delivery systems because of their lipophilic nature, optical clarity and surface area. Owing to their nature to prevent flocculation and inherent creaming, nanoemulsions find an important place in the cosmetic industry also. This chapter provides an insight into the use of nanogels, emulsion based wet wipes and PEG free nanoemulsions in cosmetics. In the food industry, nanoemulsions are utilized for the production of functional foods. Some of the patented nanoemulsions and their commercial applications have also been mentioned.

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Preparation of Nanoemulsions by High-Energy and Lowenergy Emulsification Methods

Cited by 73 publications

References 30 publications

Nanoemulsion: A Review on Mechanisms for the Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs

Nanoemulsion: A Review on Mechanisms for the Transdermal Delivery of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Drugs

Effective Droplet Size Reduction and Excellent Stability of Limonene Nanoemulsion Formed by High-Pressure Homogenizer

An Update on Nanoemulsions Using Nanosized Liquid in Liquid Colloidal Systems

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