Effective Droplet Size Reduction and Excellent Stability of Limonene Nanoemulsion Formed by High-Pressure Homogenizer

Abstract

Limonene as an interesting bioactive material that has great benefits due to its antimicrobial and anti-carcinogen properties. However, it has several limitations such as its oxidative and oily nature. In order to overcome these limitations, a high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) was utilized to produce limonene nanoemulsion, which enhances its dispersibility while preventing oxidation with great stability. Limonene was pre-mixed with soybean oil as carrier oil prior to emulsification. The effect of soybean oil to limonene ratio, number of pass, homogenization pressure, emulsifier concentration and homogenization method were observed. A stability test was also conducted for 28 days at room temperature. The result revealed that soybean oil and limonene demonstrated a certain ratio to produce the most stable nanoemulsion. Meanwhile, emulsion size could be reduced from 327.8 nm to 55.5 nm in five passes at 1000 bar. Increasing the emulsifier concentration could reduce the droplet size to 40 nm. A comparison with other emulsification method showed that HPH was the best emulsification technique due to its intense emulsification power resulted from shear, cavitation, and droplet impacts. This study reveals that HPH is a great and simple way to produce stable limonene nanoemulsion for the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

Development and Optimization of Naringenin-Loaded Chitosan-Coated Nanoemulsion for Topical Therapy in Wound Healing

“…Additionally, the inverse relation between percentage of Smix and droplet size can be explained by the fact of that increased Smix% helps in reducing interfacial tension between oil and aqueous phase and thereby provides successful coating over the nano droplets which further leads to stabilization of the developed NEs [ 40 ]. These findings are in agreement with reported literatures [ 41 , 42 ].…”

“…The decrease in PDI corresponding to an increase in Smix% might be due to the fact of successful coating of smaller oil droplets using increased concentration of Smix and whereas insufficient Smix concentration may result in coalescence of the droplet and lead to an increase in PDI [ 26 , 44 ]. These findings are in agreement with the previous findings by other researchers [ 41 , 42 , 45 ].…”

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“…Apart from this reason, the oil droplet size distribution is also known to be influenced by the presence of NaCl. Faster aggregation and coalescence take place at a sufficiently high ionic strength, hence increasing the droplets size [ 55 ].…”

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“…Based on the composition, different types of nanoemulsions can be formed, namely, water-in-oil, oil-in-water, and bicontinuous nanoemulsion. A simplified illustration of nanoemulsion preparation and phenomena in the homogenization chamber is shown in Figure 5 [29]. These are the dispersed phase that consists of droplets/particles with low oil/water interfacial tension [30].…”

“…x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of A simplified illustration of nanoemulsion preparation (A) and phenomena in the homogenization chamber (B). Reprinted from Hidajat et al[29] with permission under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Copyright (2020) the authors.…”