Preparation of expandable graphite and its flame retardant properties in <scp>HDPE</scp> composites

Shen, Ming–Yuan; Chen, Wei-Jen; Tsai, Kuang-Chung; Kuan, Chen-Feng; Kuan, Hsu‐Chiang; Chou, Huang-Wen; Chiang, Chin‐Lung

doi:10.1002/pc.23820

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The good flame retardancy of EG depends on its high EV . To ensure that each EG P gets a high EV, the mass ratio of graphite C, H 2 SO 4 (98 wt%), KMnO 4 , and STPP, as well as reaction temperature, reaction time, and H 2 SO 4 concentration used in the reaction, were optimized by single factor experiments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Pang

Xin

Shi

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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In this study, three different sizes of tripolyphosphate‐modified expandable graphite (EGp) are prepared and incorporated into rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) in order to obtain a flame retardant material with low density, good mechanical properties, and hydrophobicity. The influence of particle size on material combustibility, thermal stability, compression strength, pore cell structure, diathermancy, and hydrophobic property is investigated. Synergistic effect between the EGp and ammonium polyphosphate (APP II) is also examined. Results show the limiting oxygen index value and residue yield increase as the EGp size increases. On the contrary, the heat release rate and total heat release decrease as the EGP size increases. In addition, the chemical char formation effect of APP on RPUF is more important than the char formation of the graphite intercalation compounds. EGp and APP show synergistic effect in improving flame retardancy, thermal stability, and hydrophobicity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1381–1394 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Pang

Xin

Shi

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Encapsulated red phosphorous is also an effective fire retardant; it has a strong thermal stability and can reduce the oxygen content on the surface of the combustor, which can limit the occurrence of combustion. Expanded graphite is another effective fire retardant; it can expand and rapidly increase its surface area to form an insulating layer when heated, thus reducing the rate of combustion [26]. Therefore, these four components were selected as basic fire retardants.…”

Section: Experimental Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Asphalt with Different Combinations of Fire Retardants

Chen

Zhu

et al. 2019

Materials

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When a fire takes place in a tunnel, the surface of the asphalt pavement will burn and release a large amount of smoke, which is toxic to human health. Thus, in order to prevent the combustion of the asphalt pavement under fire, it is necessary to propose some methods to retard its physical and chemical reaction under the high temperature. In this study, ten different combinations of fire retardants and a control case where no fire retardant was applied were prepared for evaluation. The thermogravimetric (TG)–mass spectrometry (MS) tests were used to evaluate their effect on the fire retardance from mass and energy perspectives and the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software was used to evaluate the fire retardance from temperature and smoke distribution perspectives. In experimental analysis, the TG (thermogravimetric) and DTG (differential thermogravimetric) curves were used to analyze the mass loss rate and residual mass of the asphalt and the activation energy was calculated and analyzed as well. In addition, decay rate of mass loss rate and increasing rate of activation energy were proposed to evaluate the ease of combustion of the asphalt with and without fire retardants. The results show that in laboratory experiments, the fire retardant combination which includes 48% aluminum hydroxide, 32% magnesium hydroxide, 5% expanded graphite, and 15% encapsulated red phosphorous would lead to an improved effect of fire retardance. In numerical modeling, the temperature and smoke height distribution over time were adopted to evaluate the fire retardance effect. The temperature distribution was found to be symmetrical on both sides of the combustion point and the same combination as proposed in experimental analysis was found to have the best effect on fire retardance due to the largest decrease in temperature. Additionally, because of the highest smoke height distribution, an improved effect on smoke suppression was also found when this combination was applied.

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“…When heated, EG expands and generates a voluminous isolative layer, providing ame retardance for the polymeric matrix. [25][26][27][28] In recent years, EG has been widely used in polyurethane, 29,30 PP, 31,32 PE, 33 polystyrene, 34 epoxy resin 35 and other polymer ame retardant materials and has achieved satisfactory results. However, when EG is used alone in polymer ame retardation, the carbon layer containing EG is loose and porous, thus hindering perfect ame retardation performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardancy effects between expandable graphite and halloysite nanotubes in silicone rubber foam

et al. 2021

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Preparation of expandable graphite and its flame retardant properties in HDPE composites

Cited by 13 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Evaluation of Asphalt with Different Combinations of Fire Retardants

Flame retardancy effects between expandable graphite and halloysite nanotubes in silicone rubber foam

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