Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Pang, Xiu-Yan; Xin, Ya‐Ping; Shi, Xiuzhu; Xu, Jianzhong

doi:10.1002/pen.25123

Cited by 35 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The T onset of VER/APP is 336°C, which decreases 15°C in contrast to the T onset of the pure VER. This reduction is caused by the degradation of APP, which can produce polyphosphoric acid that can react with hydroxyl of VER, which is conducive to formation of protective char layer , so the char residues of VER/APP is improve obviously until 600°C. However, with increase of temperature, the oxidation of the char layer happened and only 3.7% char residues were remained at 800°C, which indicate that the char layer of VER/APP composite formed during the thermal decomposition showed a poor resistance to thermal oxidation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Different Smoke Suppressants with APP for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression on Vinyl Ester Resin

Zhang

Zeng

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Flame retarded and smoke suppressed vinyl ester resin (VER) were prepared through ammonium polyphosphate (APP) coupled with different smoke suppressants. The flame retardancy of these composites was tested by the limiting oxygen index and UL-94 tests. The typical combustion parameters including heat release rate (HRR), peak of HRR (p-HRR), total heat release, smoke production rate, and total smoke production were detected using a cone calorimeter. The smoke suppressants CaCO 3 , ZnMoO 4 , Cu 2 O, and Fe 2 O 3 show different effect on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of VER composites when they are coupled with APP, the synergistic action of APP and CaCO 3 is more effective on decreasing the HRR and smoke release rate than several other smoke suppressants. This is attributed to the fact that CaCO 3 could promote the formation of a dense carbon layer with high thermal stability and anti-oxidation property, which could act as an effective physical barrier. The flame retardant performances and mechanisms of APP and CaCO 3 were evaluated and analyzed at length by thermogravimetric coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:314-322, 2020.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Different Smoke Suppressants with APP for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression on Vinyl Ester Resin

Zhang

Zeng

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Li et al [ 36 ] showed the addition of 30 parts per hundred of polyol by weight of graphite with an average particle size of 960, 340, and 70 µm, resulting in semirigid polyurethane foams with flammability class V0, V1, and HB75. A better flame-retardant effect for foams with larger grain size graphite results from the formation of a greater amount of char residue [ 32 , 37 ]. Moreover, the addition of approximately 30 parts per 100 of polyols by weight ensures that the oxygen index of rigid polyurethane foams is 25% [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams

et al. 2021

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We investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG, BCP, and EG with BCP were obtained. The content of EG varied in the range of 3–15 per hundred polyols (php), while the BCP content was 30 php. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the additional introduction of BCPs into EG-containing composites allows for an additive effect in improving the functional properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. As a result, the composite containing 30 php of BCP and 15 php of EG with the largest particle size and expanded volume shows the largest change in the studied parameters (hardness (H) = 2.65 kPa (+16.2%), limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 26% (+44.4%), and peak heat release rate (pHRR) = 15.5 kW/m2 (−87.4%)). In addition, this composite was characterized by the highest char yield (m600 = 17.9% (+44.1%)). In turn, the change in mechanical properties is related to a change in the physical and chemical structure of the foams as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.

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“…Pang et al have incorporated three different sizes of tripolyphosphate-modified expandable graphite (EGp) into RPUF. As the size of EGp increases, RPUFs showed an increased LOI (limiting oxygen index) and a decreased heat release [ 32 ]. Chen et al introduced 15 wt.% EG into RPUF and found that the PHRR and total heat release (THR) were decreased by 36.2% and 22.0%, respectively [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam via Synergistic Effect of Phosphorus/Nitrogen Compounds and Expandable Graphite

et al. 2020

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In order to explore highly efficient flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), phosphorus/nitrogen compounds and expandable graphite (EG) were successfully incorporated into RPUF by a free one-spot method. The combustion results showed that the fire safety of the RPUF samples was remarkably improved by the addition of phosphoric/nitrogen compounds and EG. With the incorporation of 22.4 wt.% phosphorus/nitrogen compounds and 3.2 wt.% EG, the RPUF composites achieved UL-94 V-0 rating. Besides, the total heat release and total smoke release of RPUF composites were reduced by 29.6% and 32.4% respectively, compared to those of the pure RPUF sample. PO• and PO2• together with nonflammable gaseous products were evolved from phosphoric/nitrogen compounds in the gas phase, which quenched the flammable free radicals in the matrix and diluted the concentration of combustible gaseous products generated from PRUF during combustion. The compact char residues which acted as excellent physical barriers were formed by catalysis of EG and phosphoric/nitrogen compounds in the condense phase. The fire hazard of RPUF was significantly reduced by the synergistic effect of phosphorus-nitrogen compounds and EG. This work provides a promising strategy to enhance the fire safety of RPUF.

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Effect of different size‐modified expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, physical, and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam

Cited by 35 publications

References 56 publications

The Effect of Different Smoke Suppressants with APP for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression on Vinyl Ester Resin

The Effect of Different Smoke Suppressants with APP for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression on Vinyl Ester Resin

Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams

Enhanced Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam via Synergistic Effect of Phosphorus/Nitrogen Compounds and Expandable Graphite

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