Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams

Oliwa, Rafał; Ryszkowska, Joanna; Oleksy, Mariusz; Auguścik-Królikowska, Monika; Gzik, Małgorzata; Bartoń, Joanna; Budzik, Grzegorz

doi:10.3390/ma14071801

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Excellent intumescent coating expands 50 to 200 times, forming a fine-scale multicellular network with cell sizes ranging from 20 to 50 µm and wall thicknesses ranging from 6 to 8 µm [ 82 , 93 ]. Oliwa et al discovered that adding graphite flakes to an intumescent coating could increase flame resistance [ 104 ]. When heated, the flakes expand up to 100 times, resulting in a more effective insulating layer [ 105 ].…”

Section: Intumescent Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

et al. 2022

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This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.

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Section: Intumescent Coatingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

et al. 2022

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“…Secondly, they must not break the balance of the gelling and blowing reactions as this can produce foams with defects and undesirable properties [21]. In the absence of additives, the foam's cells have a symmetrical polyhedral regular shape [21,22]. However, the presence of an additive affects this structure by the formation of a network of hydrogen bonding between the urethane group, urea groups, or the carbonyl groups in the polyurethane network [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the absence of additives, the foam's cells have a symmetrical polyhedral regular shape [21,22]. However, the presence of an additive affects this structure by the formation of a network of hydrogen bonding between the urethane group, urea groups, or the carbonyl groups in the polyurethane network [22]. Wrzesniewska-Tosik et al observed that though adding flame retardant additives improved the fire resistance of the foam, the foam's morphology also changed by a decrease in pore size and an increase in cell wall thickness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Morphology of Flexible Polyurethane Foams Containing Neem Oil and Clove Powder

Kuranchie,

Yaya,

Aboagye-Antwi

et al. 2024

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Polyurethane foams are a versatile class of polymeric materials whose physico-chemical structure and properties can be modified by incorporating additives. This study examined the effect of naturally occurring insect-repelling additives such as neem oil (NO) and clove powder (CP) on the formulation and morphology of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) composites. The foams were prepared by the prepolymer method using a box test as applied in the foam industry. The composite material was formulated by varying the isocyanate index (103 and 108) as an excess amount of isocyanate was required to react with the additives. The formulation at 103 was unsuccessful as the foams collapsed immediately after rising. However, at 108, two main categories of foams were successfully prepared: foams containing either NO or CP and the other containing both additives. The effect of these additives on the formulation was examined by monitoring the foam reaction using the cream, tack-free, and rising times. It was observed that the cream, tack-free, and rising times increased with increasing NO/CP content. Conversely, the morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope (OP). The SEM images revealed disruption of the foam network with 1 wt% NO, likewise those containing 1 wt% CP. The cellular network of the foams with simultaneous addition of NO and CP was similar to that of the neat foams and had no broken cell joints and struts due to better dispersion of the additives in the polyurethane matrix. The study indicates that the combined addition of NO and CP modifies the morphology of FPUF, which can influence their physico-mechanical properties.

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“…The halogen-free phosphorous-sulphur ionic liquid was successfully added to the matrix of FPUF [ 13 ]. Oliwa et al [ 14 ] investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite and blackcurrant pomace on the flammability and thermal stability of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. The flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant flexible polyurethane foams were designed and synthesized based on expandable graphite and novel liquid phosphorus-containing polyol [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Flammability and Smoke Emission of Plastic Materials Used in Construction and Transport

et al. 2023

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This study provides valuable data on the specific toxic products that could be released from the commercially used, flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) during a fire. The steady-state tube furnace (Purser furnace) was used to generate combustion and thermal degradation products under different fire conditions. The concentrations of asphyxiates and irritant gases were determined using a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy gas analyser. The volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds released in the fire effluents were collected using the solid-phase microextraction technique and identified by gas chromatography with a mass selective detector. In addition, the thermal stability of the FPUFs was evaluated by simultaneous thermal analysis. The cone calorimetry test was used to determine the flame retardancy of the selected materials. The obtained results show that the emission of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide during the thermal degradation and combustion of the tested foams exceeded the permissible values and pose a serious threat to human life and health. Moreover, substituted benzenes, aldehydes, and polycyclic hydrocarbons were found in the released gases during all of the test conditions.

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Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams

Cited by 8 publications

References 90 publications

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers

Synthesis and Morphology of Flexible Polyurethane Foams Containing Neem Oil and Clove Powder

Analysis of Flammability and Smoke Emission of Plastic Materials Used in Construction and Transport

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