Preparation of coffee oil-algae oil-based nanoemulsions and the study of their inhibition effect on UVA-induced skin damage in mice and melanoma cell growth

Abstract

Coffee grounds, a waste by-product generated after making coffee, contains approximately 15% coffee oil which can be used as a raw material in cosmetics. Algae oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has been demonstrated to possess anticancer and anti-inflammation functions. The objectives of this study were to develop a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the determination of fatty acids in coffee oil and algae oil and prepare a nanoemulsion for studying its inhibition effect on ultraviolet A-induced skin damage in mice and growth of melanoma cells B16-F10. A total of 8 and 5 fatty acids were separated and quantified in coffee oil and algae oil by GC-MS, respectively, with linoleic acid (39.8%) dominating in the former and DHA (33.9%) in the latter. A nanoemulsion with a particle size of 30 nm, zeta potential −72.72 mV, and DHA encapsulation efficiency 100% was prepared by using coffee oil, algae oil, surfactant (20% Span 80 and 80% Tween 80), and deionized water. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed a high stability of nanoemulsion when heated up to 110°C at a pH 6, whereas no significant changes in particle size distribution and pH occurred over a 90-day storage period at 4°C. Animal experiments showed that a dose of 0.1% coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsion was effective in mitigating trans-epidermal water loss, skin erythema, melanin formation, and subcutaneous blood flow. Cytotoxicity test implied effective inhibition of melanoma cell growth by nanoemulsion with an IC 50 value of 26.5 µg/mL and the cell cycle arrested at G2/M phase. A dose-dependent upregulation of p53, p21, cyclin B, and cyclin A expressions and downregulation of CDK1 and CDK2 occurred. Also, both Bax and cytochrome c expressions were upregulated and bcl-2 expression downregulated, accompanied by a rise in caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities for apoptosis execution. Collectively, the apoptosis pathway of melanoma cells B16-F10 may involve both mitochondria and death receptor.

Bufotalin induces cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in human malignant melanoma A375 cells

“…Cyclin B, in complex with CDK1, triggers mitotic entry and is a key modulator of the G2/M checkpoint (21). It has been reported that coffee oil-algae oil nanoemulsions upregulated the protein level of cyclin B and downregulated the protein level of CDK1, subsequently causing cell cycle arrest of B16-F10 cells at the G2/M phase (22). By contrast, immature colon carcinoma transcript-1 knockdown downregulated the levels of cyclin B and CDK1, arresting human breast cancer ZR-75-30 cells at G2/M phase (23).…”

Triphenylphosphonium and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate-modified, tanshinone IIA-loaded lipid-polymeric nanocarriers for the targeted therapy of myocardial infarction

“…The value of the zeta potential also indicated the stability of nanocarriers in suspension. 40 For both formulations, the zeta potential was negative and showed no major changes during the 120 days of storage. The DL and EE of drug-loaded LPNs and NPs remained stable at all the time points tested in the research, indicating that the systems were stable within 4 months.…”

Bio-Based Nanoemulsion Formulations Applicable in Agriculture, Medicine, and Food Industry

“…Skin permeation with the positively charged Copaiba oil NEs increased threefold the retention of the major component in copaiba oil, β-caryophyllene, in the epidermis, and also in the receptor fluid compared to the negatively charged NEs (Lucca et al 2017). Coffee oil−algae oil-based NEs with a particle size of 30 nm, zeta potential -72.72 mV, and 100% encapsulation efficiency (EE) of docosahexaenoic acid (an important component of algae oil) applied at dose of 0.1% efficiently mitigated trans-epidermal water loss, skin erythema, melanin formation, and subcutaneous blood flow in animal experiments and were found to inhibit the growth of melanoma cells B16-F10 (IC 50 : 26.5 µg/mL) and arrest the cell cycle G 2 /M phase, whereby the apoptosis pathway of melanoma cells may involve both mitochondria and death receptor (Yang et al 2017). Transdermal administration of nanogel based on optimized catechin NEs showed sustained release profile of catechin and enhanced photoprotection potential due to its improved permeability as well as bioavailability compared to the conventional gel and it could represent an effective strategy for decreasing UV-induced oxidative damage in the skin tissues (Harwansh et al 2016).…”