Preparation of biodiesel from waste frying oil using a green and renewable solid catalyst derived from egg shell

Abstract

Biodiesel was produced from waste frying oil using calcium oxide derived from the calcination of egg shell as a heterogeneous base catalyst. The catalyst was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive atomic X‐ray spectrometry. The effects of reaction variables such as methanol/oil molar ratio, amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time on biodiesel yield were investigated. The activity of the egg shell‐derived CaO was compared with the commercial CaO. A high biodiesel yield of 95.05% and conversion of 96.11% were obtained at 3 wt % catalyst (based on oil weight), methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1, reaction temperature of 65°C, and reaction time of 3 h. The structure of biodiesel was characterized by FTIR, and the biodiesel conversion was determined by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 248–254, 2015

Process optimization for biodiesel production from Moringa oleifera oil using conch shells as heterogeneous catalyst

“…No peaks were observed at 2θ = 29.47°, 36.37°, 39.48°, 43.55°, 47.87°, 49.05°, and 57.89° which are the characteristic peaks of calcium carbonate. A similar trend corresponding to CaO was reported by several researchers . In addition, a very few minor peaks at 2θ = 34.16°, 47.18°, and 50.89° indicates the presence of trace amounts of Ca(OH) 2 due to the exposure of catalyst to atmospheric air.…”

KF‐impregnated clam shells for biodiesel production and its effect on a diesel engine performance and emission characteristics

“…The functional characterization of the catalyst was studied by FTIR analysis and shown in Figure 2. A sharp stretching band was observed at 3646 cm 21 which clearly indicated the presence of hydroxyl group attached to calcium oxide [13]. The absorption bands occurred at 1470, 1079, and 875 cm 21 can be attributed to the vibration of CO 3 22 molecules.…”

“…Calcium oxide (CaO) is one of the most promising heterogeneous catalyst, abundantly available in nature, cheaper [9,12] and renewable (natural shells). Egg shells [13] and white bivalve clam shells [14] are good source of calcium carbonate and these shells were calcined to obtain CaO and used as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production. Few researchers [15][16][17] have already reported the feasibility of biodiesel obtained from waste frying oil (WFO) in engine performance and emission studies.…”

Enhancement in biodiesel production using waste cooking oil and calcium diglyceroxide as a heterogeneous catalyst in presence of ultrasound

“…The biodiesel 47 synthesized from the ultrasonic method has shown superior properties as compared to conventional 48 method and also matched with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. In recent years, a search for alternative fossil fuel has been 55 increased due to the environmental problems like global warming 56 and rapidly exhausting reserves of fossil fuel [1]. Biodiesel is a good 57 alternative to fossil fuel because of non-toxic, renewable, 58 biodegradable, aromatic free clean burning fuel that can be used which can attribute to faster reaction rate, higher product yield 103 and lower alcohol to oil molar ratio and catalyst amount [12,13].…”