Preparation of a bagasse-based solid catalyst loaded with phosphotungstic acid and its catalytic activity in the conversion of monosaccharide

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation of levulinic acid to gamma-valerolactone over a zirconium-based FDCA hybrid: insights into the effect of heteropoly acids

“…And the characteristic peak of the Zr–O bond at 650 cm −1 revealed the existence of zirconium, while the symmetric stretching vibration and asymmetric stretching vibration of –CO 2− group displayed at 1592 and 1361 cm −1 indicate the effective coordination of zirconium and the ligand. 33,46 The crystal structure of the catalysts was further analyzed by XRD (Fig. 2B).…”

“…[30][31][32] In recent years, many researchers loaded HPA on different supports to prepare heterogeneous catalysts rich in Brønsted acid (BA) sites. 33,34 Inspired by these studies, we modied our prepared Zr-FDCA hybrid by introducing phosphotungstic acid (HPWO) to obtain a multifunctional hybrid (Zr-FDCA-HPWO) with abundant LA and BA sites. And the nature of HPWO in acid site enhancement was uncovered in detail via systematic characterization studies.…”

Insights into Preparation Methods and Functions of Carbon-Based Solid Acids

“…Based on the comprehensive studies conducted on the preparation of solid acids via the acidification of heteropoly acids, it has been found that acid strength and amount are important factors affecting the catalytic activity of solid acids. In general, when heteropoly acids are loaded on carbon-based materials, the acid strength and total acid content decrease [ 98 , 99 , 100 ]. The main factors affecting the acid strength and amount are [ 13 ]: (1) the nature of the carrier, which may change the structure of the heteropoly acid and thus affect the acid strength and acid amount; (2) the acid load, acid strength, and total acid amount.…”