Total syntheses of structurally and biologically intriguing natural products relying on new synthetic methodologies are described. This article features cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed asymmetric Morita-BaylisHillman reactions, heterocycle syntheses based on rhodium-catalyzed C-H amination and indium-catalyzed Conia-ene reactions, and their utilization for the syntheses of the phoslactomycin family of antibiotics, glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists, and alkaloids with characteristic highly substituted pyrrolidinone core structures.