Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have showcased great
potential
in diverse applications such as separation and catalysis, where mass
transfer confined in their pore channels plays a significant role.
However, anisotropic orientation usually occurs in polycrystalline
COFs, and perpendicular alignment of COF pore channels is ultimately
desired to maximize their performance. Herein, we demonstrate a strategy,
solvent vapor annealing, to reorient COF pore channels from anisotropic
orientation to perpendicular alignment. COF thin films are first synthesized
to have flexible N–H bonds in their skeletons, thus having
structural mobility to enable molecular rearrangement. A solvent with
low relative permittivity and a conjugated structure is then identified
to have a strong affinity toward the COFs, allowing its vapor to easily
penetrate into the COF interlayers. The solvent vapor weakens the
π–π interaction and consequently allows the COF
monolayers to dissociate. The COF monolayers undergo a reorientation
process that converts from random stacking into the face-on stacking
fashion, in which the through COF pores are perpendicularly aligned.
The aligned COF film exhibits high separation precision toward ions
featuring a size difference down to 2 Å, which is 8 times higher
than that of the anisotropically oriented counterpart. This work opens
up an avenue for COF orientation regulation by solvent vapor annealing
and reveals the essential role of the perpendicular alignment of COF
pore channels to enable precision separations.