The demand for content oriented service and compute-intensive service stimulates the shift of current cellular networks to deal with the explosive growth in mobile traffic. Information centric mobile caching network architectures have emerged in Information-Centric Networking as well as mobile cellular and ad-hoc networks deployed with caches. Caching optimization based on information centric mobile caching has become the key issue, and several significant research challenges remain to be addressed before its widespread adoption. In this paper, a brief survey on Information centric mobile caching network architecture and caching optimization is presented, including cache placement in different mobile wireless network architectures, the taxonomy of cache insertion and eviction policies, the modeling behavior of caching networks as well as caching optimization based on network centric and user centric metrics, and typical applications based on mobile caching. Finally, the research directions and open challenges are investigated.

Each Martian year, approximately 30% of the atmosphere's CO 2 mass is in exchange with the polar surfaces through deposition/sublimation (Leighton & Murray, 1966). The seasonal CO 2 polar caps resulting from repeated depositions of snow/ice can extend down to 50°S/N (Piqueux et al., 2015). Temporal variations of the level and volume of snow/ice associated with the deposition/sublimation process can put crucial constraints on the Mars climate system and volatile circulation models. Additionally, this amount of snow and ice is significant enough to cause seasonal deflection of the lithosphere (Wagner et al., 2022). Constraining the level and mass of the seasonal portion of the polar cap is essential in properly modeling this deflection. Measurements of the level of snow/ice of the seasonal polar caps have been made by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS, Smith et al., 2001;Aharonson et al., 2004;, measuring rock shadow lengths in high-resolution images to deduce the seasonal changes in rock heights on the surface (Mount & Titus, 2015), and precise radiative transfer models using imaging spectroscopy (Andrieu et al., 2018). Compared with the latter two that are spatially and temporally limited due to data availability, MOLA data cover the entire polar regions. Based on profile analysis at different latitudina annuli, Smith et al. ( 2001) measured the maximum seasonal level of snow/ice to be ∼1 m at both poles. In a different approach, Aharonson et al. ( 2004) fitted sinusoidal functions with annual and semi-annual terms to MOLA cross-over height residuals and estimated the maximum level to reach ∼1.5 m at the north pole and ∼2.5 m at the south pole.The "cryptic region" at Martian south pole during the southern spring is roughly located from 50° to 210°E and poleward of 70°S (see also Figure 1 of Hansen et al. (2010)). It is so described as it possesses low temperatures

The seasonal deposition and sublimation of CO2 constitute a major element in Martian volatile cycles. We reprocess the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data and apply co‐registration procedures to obtain spatio‐temporal variations in levels of the Seasonal North Polar Cap (SNPC). The maximum level over the Residual North Polar Cap (RNPC) is 1.3 m, approximately half of that at the south pole (2.5 m). However, the maximum level in the dune fields at Olympia Undae can be up to 3.8 m. Furthermore, off‐season decreases up to 3 m during the northern winter at Olympia Undae are observed. These are likely due to metamorphism effects accentuated by the reduced snowfall at this period. Meanwhile, off‐season increases of up to 2 m during the northern spring are noted, the cause of which remains to be explored. The volume of the SNPC peaks at the end of northern winter and is estimated to be approximately 9.6 × 1012 m3, which is 2% more than that of the Seasonal South Polar Cap. The bulk density of the SNPC can go through phased decreases in accordance with phased accumulation at northern high‐latitudes. These findings can put important constraints on the Martian volatile cycling models.

To support new services targeted by 5G, great efforts have been taken not only on the research work of new waveform design and air interface but also on cloudification and softwarization for future heterogeneous network. As one of the most popular services toward 5G, cloud gaming offloads computation-intensive tasks to the cloud in order to alleviate the computation burden of mobile devices, but it introduces latency which deteriorates user experience especially for the delay-sensitive online game. In order to solve the optimization problem of resource allocation with the quality of experience guarantees and reduce the operational expenditures and capital expenditures of mobile operators for deploying online game, fog computing and network function virtualization are deemed as promising solutions. In this paper, a component-based approach is proposed to model online game based on the probabilistic service function chain. In order to obtain the optimal virtual function placement in the fog-enabled heterogeneous radio access network, the cost minimization of computation offloading on the data plane is formulated as an integer linear programming problem considering the constraints of application maximum tolerable latency, resource limitation, and user behavior. The optimization problem is NP-hard. To solve the problem with low complexity, the heuristic algorithm is proposed called Probabilistic Service function chain Embedding based on Cost Optimization(PSECO). The performances of the two algorithms are evaluated. The simulation results show that the costs are affected mainly by the number of components, the arrival rate of user requests, mobile user behavior, as well as the physical network topology and the number of users. The heuristic algorithm PSECO has optimal results with low complexity and it is suitable for large scale networks.

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