Preparation, Antioxidant and Immunoregulatory Activities of a Macromolecular Glycoprotein from Salvia miltiorrhiza

Abstract

Salvia miltiorrhiza has exhibited various bioactive functions due to the existence of polysaccharides, hydrophilic phenolic acids, diterpenoid quinones, and essential oils. However, little research has reported the glycoprotein preparation and corresponding bioactivities. In this study, the water-soluble glycoprotein from S. miltiorrhiza roots was firstly isolated with the extraction process optimized by response surface methodology, and then, the preliminary structural properties, and the antioxidant and immunoregulatory activities were investigated. Results showed that the extraction conditions for higher extraction yields were identified as follows: ultrasonic power of 220 W, ultrasonic time of 2.0 h, extraction temperature of 60 °C, liquid/solid ratio of 20 mL/g, and the glycoprotein yields of 1.63 ± 0.04%. Structural analysis showed that the glycoprotein comprised protein and polysaccharide (contents of 76.96% and 20.62%, respectively), with an average molecular weight of 1.55 × 105 Da. Besides, bioactivities analysis showed that the glycoprotein presented strong scavenging effects on multiple free radicals, and effectively enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities and immunological indicators in cyclophosphamide-induced immunocompromised mice dose-dependently. These data demonstrated that S. miltiorrhiza glycoprotein presented the potential to be a novel edible functional compound, and could be practically applied in the food industry.

Characterization of Purified Mulberry Leaf Glycoprotein and Its Immunoregulatory Effect on Cyclophosphamide-Treated Mice

“…In addition, fucose, galactose hydrochloride, rhamnose, glucosamine hydrochloride, galactose, xylose, mannose, and galacturonic acid were detected in the glycosyl of GUMP. Glycoproteins are normally found in plant leaves such as Azadirachta indica and Camellia sinensis and other food ingredients [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Nie et al determined the monosaccharide compositions of green tea glycoprotein and found that galactose was the main component, followed by arabinose [ 37 ].…”

“…Nie et al determined the monosaccharide compositions of green tea glycoprotein and found that galactose was the main component, followed by arabinose [ 37 ]. Ji et al [ 38 ] also analyzed the monosaccharide compositions in a glycoprotein they prepared from Salvia miltiorrhiza and demonstrated that its glycoprotein, SMGP, comprised of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose, and galactose. Thus, the monosaccharide compositions of glycoprotein may be complex and diverse in plants and foods.…”

“…In addition, the results of complex protein composition were consistent with the findings reported by Steven J. et al [ 39 ]. Ji et al and Yun et al also investigated the nutritional function of glycoproteins isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza and wheat germ, respectively [ 38 , 40 ], but they also failed to reveal how the structure of their samples corresponded to bioactivity as a food supplement. The structure of GUMP is still worthy of further exploration.…”

Integrating multi‐index determination coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis to evaluate the quality consistency of PVE30, an anti‐HSV “glycoprotein” macromolecule of Prunellae Spica

“…Currently, bioassay is mostly used for the quality control of macromolecule drugs, including "glycoprotein" drugs, 7 and the molecular weight (Mw) distribution by high-performance gel permeation chromatography with refractive index detector (HPGPC-RID), and the contents of polysaccharides or proteins by UV-VIS have been employed to determine the quality of drugs derived from polysaccharides 8 and/or proteins. 9,10 However, anti-HSV assays should be performed in a strict physical containment level 2 laboratory (P2 lab) owing to the safety considerations; this approach might be practically inapplicable for the routine quality control of PVE30. In addition, the composed monosaccharides/amino acids and their relative contents might also affect the bioactivity of "glycoprotein" drugs.…”

Isolation, Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Yam Polysaccharides

“…Despite salvia glycoproteins can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, the potential mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, it is meaningful to study this mechanism at the cellular level [ 22 ].…”