Preparation and properties of T-ZnOw enhanced BCP scaffolds with double-layer structure by digital light processing

Abstract

Bone scaffolds require both good bioactivity and mechanical properties to keep shape and promote bone repair. In this work, T-ZnOw enhanced biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds with triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS)-based double-layer porous structure were fabricated by digital light processing (DLP) with high precision. Property of suspension was first discussed to obtain better printing quality. After sintering, T-ZnOw reacts with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) to form Ca19Zn2(PO4)14, and inhibits the phase transition to α-TCP. With the content of T-ZnOw increasing from 0 to 2 wt%, the flexural strength increases from 40.9 to 68.5 MPa because the four-needle whiskers can disperse stress, and have the effect of pulling out as well as fracture toughening. However, excessive whiskers will reduce the cure depth, and cause more printing defects, thus reducing the mechanical strength. Besides, T-ZnOw accelerates the deposition of apatite, and the sample with 2 wt% T-ZnOw shows the fastest mineralization rate. The good biocompatibility has been proved by cell proliferation test. Results confirmed that doping T-ZnOw can improve the mechanical strength of BCP scaffolds, and keep good biological property, which provides a new strategy for better bone repair.

Bioactive potassium and sodium niobate (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 synthesized by solid‐state reaction and sol–gel methods

“…The highest concentrations of Nb were recorded in the KNN samples obtained by SG and SSR, further substantiating the potential resorption capacity of KNN ceramics within a fluid‐simulating bodily condition. Addressing the biocompatibility and safety of these elements, it is well established that K and Na are essential elements for humans, which play significant roles in maintaining cell metabolism and regulating osmotic pressure 49 . Nb has been proven friendly to the body, and its compounds can be used as coating materials to enhance the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of alloy substrates 50 …”

“…Addressing the biocompatibility and safety of these elements, it is well established that K and Na are essential elements for humans, which play significant roles in maintaining cell metabolism and regulating osmotic pressure. 49 Nb has been proven friendly to the body, and its compounds can be used as coating materials to enhance the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of alloy substrates. 50 This comprehensive analysis underscores the suitability of KNN ceramics for tissue regeneration applications, offering both biocompatibility and the potential for in vitro resorption.…”

Review on vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing of bioactive ceramic bone scaffolds

“…67 Triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) refers to a surface with periodic smoothness and infinite extension in the three XYZ directions, with an average curvature of 0. 68,69 The TPMS structural scaffolds exhibit a higher specific surface area due to their uniform curved surface distribution, resulting in better substance transport and superior mechanical properties. These scaffolds can effectively promote nutrient transportation, cell growth, and bone formation.…”

3D-printed strontium-incorporated β-TCP bioceramic triply periodic minimal surface scaffolds with simultaneous high porosity, enhanced strength, and excellent bioactivity

“…Fortunately, the digital light processing (DLP) technique, one of the 3D printing methods, exhibits excellent precision in achieving a controllable structure with interconnected pores, which has already been applied in the fabrication of bioceramic scaffolds [22,23]. Moreover, DLP-based 3D printing is also featured with fast speed, low cost, and few raw material consumption, regarded as a prominent way to produce the bioceramic scaffolds with sophisticated structures [24].…”