Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils

Schwab, A. W.; Bagby, M. O.; Freedman, B.

doi:10.1016/0016-2361(87)90184-0

Cited by 473 publications

(227 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils proceeds faster than the acid-catalyzed reaction 26,30 to this reason, together with the fact that the alkaline catalysts are less corrosives than acidic compounds, industrial processes usually favor base catalysts, such as alkaline metal alkoxides 26,30,32 and hydroxides 29,[33][34][35][36] as well as sodium or potassium carbonates [37][38][39] . The mechanism of the base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils is shown in Scheme 6.…”

Section: Base-catalyzed Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their high viscosity (about 11 to 17 times higher than diesel fuel) and low volatility, they do not burn completely and form deposits in the fuel injector of diesel engines. Furthermore, acrolein (a highly toxic substance) is formed through thermal decomposition of glycerol 32,[83][84][85][86][87] . Different ways have been considered to reduce the high viscosity of vegetable oils:…”

Section: Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters As Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among all these alternatives, the transesterification seems to be the best choice, as the physical characteristics of fatty acid esters (biodiesel) are very close to those of diesel fuel 32 and the process is relatively simple. Furthermore, the methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids can be burned directly in unmodified diesel engines, with very low deposit formation 37,38,79,80,82 .…”

Section: Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters As Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soybean 26,30,32,84 , rapeseed 38,78,79 , sunflower 28 and palm 29,37 oils are the most studied. However, there are no technical restrictions to the use of other types of vegetable oils.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters As Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review

Schuchardt¹,

Sercheli²,

Vargas³

1998

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

976

539

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A transesterificação de óleos vegetais com metanol, bem como as principais aplicações de ésteres metílicos de ácidos graxos, são revisadas. São descritos os aspectos gerais desse processo e a aplicabilidade de diferentes tipos de catalisadores (ácidos, hidróxidos, alcóxidos e carbonatos de metais alcalinos, enzimas e bases não-iônicas, como aminas, amidinas, guanidinas e triamino(imino)fosforanos). Enfoque especial é dado às guanidinas, que podem ser facilmente heterogeneizadas em polímeros orgânicos. No entanto, as bases ancoradas lixiviam dos polímeros. Novas estratégias para a obtenção de guanidinas heterogeneizadas mais resistentes à lixiviação são propostas. Finalmente, são descritas várias aplicações para ésteres de ácidos graxos, obtidos por transesterificação de óleos vegetais.The transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol as well as the main uses of the fatty acid methyl esters are reviewed. The general aspects of this process and the applicability of different types of catalysts (acids, alkaline metal hydroxides, alkoxides and carbonates, enzymes and non-ionic bases, such as amines, amidines, guanidines and triamino(imino)phosphoranes) are described. Special attention is given to guanidines, which can be easily heterogenized on organic polymers. However, the anchored catalysts show leaching problems. New strategies to obtain non-leaching guanidine-containing catalysts are proposed. Finally, several applications of fatty acid esters, obtained by transesterification of vegetable oils, are described.

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Section: Base-catalyzed Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters As Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters As Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soybean 26,30,32,84 , rapeseed 38,78,79 , sunflower 28 and palm 29,37 oils are the most studied. However, there are no technical restrictions to the use of other types of vegetable oils.…”

Section: Fatty Acid Alkyl Esters As Biodieselmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review

Schuchardt¹,

Sercheli²,

Vargas³

1998

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

976

539

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Transesterification of vegetable oils has been studied extensively. [2][3][4][5][6] However, transesterification of beef tallow has not been studied as extensively as vegetable oils for making FAME.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Fuel from Animal Fat. Ancillary Studies on Transesterification of Beef Tallow

Clements

Hanna

1998

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

184

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Transesterification of beef tallow was investigated. The solubility of ethanol in beef tallow was much higher than that of methanol. At 100 °C the solubility of methanol was 19% (w/w). The solubility of ethanol in beef tallow reached 100% (w/w) at about 68 °C. For the distribution of methanol between beef tallow methyl esters (BTME) and glycerol, the percentage of total methanol in the glycerol phase was higher than that in the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) phase in a simulated system at room temperature. At 65−80 °C, however, the percentage of total methanol in FAME (60% (w/w)) was higher than that in glycerol (40% (w/w)) in a 90:10 (w/w) blend of FAME and glycerol. This coincided with the methanol distribution in the transesterified product. The process for making beef tallow methyl esters should recover methanol using vacuum distillation, separate the ester and glycerol phases, and then wash the beef tallow methyl esters with warm water. At neutral pH, the separation of ester and glycerol and water washing was easier because it reduced emulsion formation.

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The Effect of Water on the Transesterification Kinetics of Cotton Seed Oil with Ethanol

Bikou¹,

Louloudi

Papayannakos

1999

Chem. Eng. Technol.

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A kinetic model for the transesterification of a cotton seed oil with ethanol in the presence of water is proposed. The effect of water content in the reacting mixture on the transesterification reaction is studied. The dependence of the equilibrium constants and reaction rate constants on the water content is presented. Equilibrium was reached within less than 30 min reaction time in all cases. The increase of the water content results in decrease of the conversion level of the oil. By increasing the ethanol/oil ratio the conversion of triglyceride increases and the concentration of mono-and diglyceride in the product mixtures are reduced.

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Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils

Cited by 473 publications

References 8 publications

Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review

Transesterification of vegetable oils: a review

Biodiesel Fuel from Animal Fat. Ancillary Studies on Transesterification of Beef Tallow

The Effect of Water on the Transesterification Kinetics of Cotton Seed Oil with Ethanol

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