Preparation and performance of poly (vinyl alcohol)/polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds based on 3D printing

Abstract

Preparation of biological scaffolds with complex shapes and controllable internal structures is a significant development direction for the tissue engineering field. Due to its simplicity, low‐cost and cost‐effectiveness, fused deposition molding (FDM) is one of the most popular 3D printing technologies. In this paper, polyvinyl alcohol/polylactic acid/hydroxyapatite composites were fabricated successfully. On this basis, composite scaffolds with different pore structures were designed and constructed by using FDM technology. The material structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic thermomechanical analyzer. The results showed that the cross‐sectional morphology of the system presented a “sea‐island” structure. The introduction of PLA and HA significantly increased the modulus of the material, which was beneficial to achieve its FDM processing. The compressibility, mineralization behavior, and biocompatibility of the viscoelastic characteristics to natural cartilage subjected to the condition of filling angle of 45° was systemically invesitgated. Notably, the concentrations of Ca2+ and PO43− in simulated body fluid were reduced by 34.7% and 58.2% on 8th day, indicating a good bone formation and mineralization ability, which was further corroborated by SEM and fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. Biotoxicity test showed that the scaffold presented excellent biocompatibility.

Chitosan‐gelatin/hydroxyapatite‐based scaffold associated with mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into osteoblasts improves the surface of the bone lesion in mice C57BL/6J

“…In this context, tissue engineering (TE) is one of the most promising strategies for treating bone injuries. [5][6][7][8] TE is an interdisciplinary field where the principles of engineering and life sciences are applied to develop biological substitutes, creating therapeutic strategies to restore, maintain, or improve tissue functions. 9 Bone tissue engineering (BTE) aims to repair and promote tissue regeneration by combining three main components: scaffold supports, cells, and physicochemical stimuli.…”

“…9 Furthermore, an ideal scaffold should guarantee dimensional stability, bioactivity, and biodegradability for effective tissue regeneration, while also being easily manufactured and processed. 4,6,7,15,16 Hence, a novel matrix that can replicate the native bone structure and its mechanical properties is desirable. 7 Bioceramics are among the most widely studied materials in BTE and bone replacement.…”

“…4,6,7,15,16 Hence, a novel matrix that can replicate the native bone structure and its mechanical properties is desirable. 7 Bioceramics are among the most widely studied materials in BTE and bone replacement. 5 They are a class of ceramic materials engineered to exhibit physiological behavior specifically suited for constructing artificial prosthetic devices or internal organs.…”

“…The continuing increase in bone diseases has stimulated the development of materials that can replace limitedly available physiological materials (such as autograft and allograft). In this context, tissue engineering (TE) is one of the most promising strategies for treating bone injuries 5–8 …”

The effect of foaming process with supercritical CO2 on the morphology and properties of 3D porous polylactic acid scaffolds

“…Aiming to avoid toxic for the human cells residues of organic solvents, such macroporous polymeric foams are being fabricated by phase separation, particle sintering, polymer precipitation, 3D-printing, extrusion, electrospinning, injection molding, and leaching of water-soluble inorganic fugitive phases from polymer matrixes. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Nobe et al [13] prepared scaffolds applying microcellular injection molding using supercritical nitrogen as a foaming agent with has a lower environmental impact when compared with a chemical foaming process.…”