“…Sulfonated carbon acid catalysts can be easily prepared by processes, like the incomplete carbonization of aromatic compounds in concentrated H 2 SO 4 (ref. 340) or sulfonation of incompletely carbonized natural organic matter, such as sugar [341][342][343] and cellulosic materials. 344,345 Sulfonation can also be achieved by treating the carbon material with a sulfonating reagent, such as gaseous SO 3 , ClSO 3 H, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate or SO 3 H-containing aryl diazoniums.…”
Section: àmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…350 The functionalized acidic carbons from inexpensive sources, including natural organic carbon matter (such as sugars, carbohydrates, cellulosic materials, and lignin), have been achieved by several researchers. 341,[351][352][353] Besides this, agro waste such as husk, straw, seed cover, cow manure, corn cob, 342,343,354,355 carbonaceous waste from industries (char, oil pitch, coke, glycerol) 346,348,356,357 and polymer resins 349,358,359 were also used. Various carbon supports (e.g., zeolite-templated carbons, mesoporous carbons, active carbon) 352,353,360,361 and more recently nanostructured carbons (such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots) 362-367 have been exploited for the same purpose.…”
An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel.
“…Sulfonated carbon acid catalysts can be easily prepared by processes, like the incomplete carbonization of aromatic compounds in concentrated H 2 SO 4 (ref. 340) or sulfonation of incompletely carbonized natural organic matter, such as sugar [341][342][343] and cellulosic materials. 344,345 Sulfonation can also be achieved by treating the carbon material with a sulfonating reagent, such as gaseous SO 3 , ClSO 3 H, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate or SO 3 H-containing aryl diazoniums.…”
Section: àmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…350 The functionalized acidic carbons from inexpensive sources, including natural organic carbon matter (such as sugars, carbohydrates, cellulosic materials, and lignin), have been achieved by several researchers. 341,[351][352][353] Besides this, agro waste such as husk, straw, seed cover, cow manure, corn cob, 342,343,354,355 carbonaceous waste from industries (char, oil pitch, coke, glycerol) 346,348,356,357 and polymer resins 349,358,359 were also used. Various carbon supports (e.g., zeolite-templated carbons, mesoporous carbons, active carbon) 352,353,360,361 and more recently nanostructured carbons (such as graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots) 362-367 have been exploited for the same purpose.…”
An ever-increasing energy demand and environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the search for an alternative energy. In this context, biodiesel has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel.
“…4 that these catalysts have good reusability up to 4 cycle, whereas efficiency dropped sharply to 65% and 40% in the 5th and 6th cycle, respectively. The decrease in catalytic activity with each cycle could due to the blockage of catalyst active sites because of the deposition of glycerol, free fatty acids and leaching of –SO 3 H from biochar [ 46 – 48 ]. Fig.…”
Background
While keeping in view various aspects of energy demand, quest for the renewable energy sources is utmost. Biomass has shown great potential as green energy source with supply of approximately 14% of world total energy demand, and great source of carbon capture. It is abundant in various forms including agricultural, forestry residues, and unwanted plants (weeds). The rapid growth of weeds not only affects the yield of the crop, but also has strong consequences on the environment. These weeds can grow with minimum nutrient input requirements, have strong ability to grow at various soil and climate environments with high value of cellulose, thus can be valuable source of energy production.
Results
Parthenium hysterophorus
L. and
Cannabis sativa
L. have been employed for the production of biofuels (biogas, biodiesel and biochar) through nano-catalytic gasification by employing Co and Ni as nanocatalysts. Nanocatalysts were synthesized through well-established sol–gel method. SEM study confirms the spherical morphology of the nanocatalysts with size distribution of 20–50 nm. XRD measurements reveal that fabricated nanocatalysts have pure standard crystal structure without impurity. During gasification of
Cannabis sativa
L., we have extracted the 53.33% of oil, 34.66% of biochar and 12% gas whereas in the case of
Parthenium hysterophorus
L. 44% oil, 38.36% biochar and 17.66% of gas was measured. Electrical conductivity in biochar of
Cannabis sativa
L. and
Parthenium hysterophorus
L. was observed 0.4 dSm−1 and 0.39 dSm−1, respectively.
Conclusion
Present study presents the conversion of unwanted plants
Parthenium hysterophorus
L. and
Cannabis sativa
L. weeds to biofuels. Nanocatalysts help to enhance the conversion of biomass to biofuel due to large surface reactivity. Our findings suggest potential utilization of unwanted plants for biofuel production, which can help to share the burden of energy demand. Biochar produced during gasification can replace chemical fertilizers for soil remediation and to enhance the crop productivity.
“…SO3H-functionalized acidic carbon materials are considered as a new group of the metalfree solid acid catalyst described by their original carbon structure and Brønsted acidity equivalent to concentrated H2SO4. Sulfonated carbon acid catalysts can be easily prepared by processes like incomplete carbonization of aromatic compounds in concentrated H2SO4 340 or sulfonation of incompletely carbonized natural organic matter, such as sugar [341][342][343] and cellulosic materials. 344,345 Sulfonation can also be achieved by treating carbon material with a sulfonating reagent such as gaseous SO3, ClSO3H, p-toluenesulfonic acid, 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate or SO3H-containing aryl diazoniums etc.…”
<p>An ever-increasing energy demand and
environmental problems associated with exhaustible fossil fuels have led to the
search for an alternative renewable source of energy. In this context, biodiesel
has attracted attention worldwide as an alternative to fossil fuel for being
renewable, non-toxic, biodegradable, carbon-neutral; hence eco-friendly. Despite
homogeneous catalyst has its own merits, currently, much attention has been paid
to chemically synthesize heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production as it
can be tuned as per specific requirement, easily recovered, thus enhance
reusability. Recently, biomass-derived heterogeneous catalysts have risen to
the forefront of biodiesel productions because of their sustainable, economical
and eco-friendly nature. Further, nano and bifunctional catalysts have emerged
as a powerful catalyst largely due to their high surface area and potential to
convert free fatty acids and triglycerides to biodiesel, respectively. This
review highlighted the latest synthesis routes of various types of catalysts
including acidic, basic, bifunctional and nanocatalysts derived from different chemicals
as well as biomass. In addition, the impacts of different methods of
preparation of catalysts on the yield of biodiesel are also discussed in
details.</p>
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